Patho OOHs Exam #4 Review Questions
Neurological Disorders:
1. What are the risk factors for a brain attack/stroke?
• preexisting hx of atherosclerosis
• preexisting hx of HTN
• older age
• smoking
• diabetes
• high-fat diets
• family hx
2. What are the differences between a TIA & a CVA (BA)?
• Transient Ischemic attack is short term, temporary, does not damage brain tissue,
warning sign as a fully developed stoke can occur
• BA damages brain tissue
3. What is often the first sign of a neurologic event?
• Decreased LOC: not oriented, not alert, confusion, coma, speech garbled, altered
breathing patters, aggresion
4. What are signs and symptoms of a diffuse/brain stem stroke?
• LOC, coma/comatose
• HR and BP changes
• Cheyne-stokes
• Weakened strength
• Sneezing, coughing, reflex diminished
• Positive Babinskis
• Abnormal vital signs
• Decorticate posturing: clenched fist, legs straight out, arms bent in towards core
• Decerebrate Posturing: more severe, head and neck arched, toes pointed down, arms
are straight out
5. What types of “Special Functions” deficits would a person with a left hemispheric stroke
have?
• Dysphasia: difficulty speaking
• Aphasia: loss of understanding or to express speech
• Right side dropping
• Can’t do math, analyze, reason, or organize as efficiently
6. What are the STAT Interventions performed by medical personnel when a patient has a
stroke?
• O2
• HOB up at least 30 degrees
• Diuretics
• ICP monitor
• BP management
7. What is the definition of dementia and what disease does it manifest in?
• Type of forgetfulness that is different from normal absentminded: emotional upset,
behavioral changes
• Alzheimer’s Disease
, Patho OOHs Exam #4 Review Questions
• Posterior frontal lobe: motor changes
8. What are the effects of acetylcholine? Dopamine? How do these relate to Parkinson’s
Disease?
• Acetylcholine: Excitatory
• Dopamine: Inhibitory
• Not enough dopamine, increased excitatory effect
• Hypertonia: mask like face, cog-wheel riddigy of fore arms (jerking)
• Dyskinesia: movement disorder, have facial and trunk movement (Parkinson’s tremor)
pill rolling (booger between fingers), Posture adjustments
9. What is Multiple Sclerosis? What are some signs and symptoms?
• Autoimmune disorder where our T cells attack our myelin sheath, demyelination.
• Asymmetrical (not all plaques are equal)
• S/S: Paresthesia, Double vision, Bladder control issues, Weakness, Vertigo,
incoordination, ataxia = staggering gait
10. Name some differences between general seizures and partial seizures?
• General: always unconscious, tonic-clonic movement
• Partial: begin locally, varied level of consciousness
11. What disease correlates to a positive Brudzinzki’s sign?
• Bacterial/Viral Meningitis
• Brudzinski sign: brain stem attack, neck flexed, pt has severe neck stiffness, hips and
knees flexed
• Kernig’s Sign: flex hip and knees to abdomen, back pain
12. What is the definition of Mydriasis?
• Pupil dilation, equally in both eyes when exposed to less light
• Miosis: pupil contriction, exposed to more light
Endocrine:
13. What is ADH and the problem associated with undersecretion of ADH?
• Antidiuretic hormone: pituitary gland, renal related, CNS related
• Diabetes insipidus: under secretion of ADH, dehydration at its max
• S/S: Polyuria, poor skin turgor, tissue to blood movement, higher osmolality, dry
membranes, thirsty
14. What are Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3) functions in the body?
• Metabolic rate
• Caloric requirements
• Oxygen consumption
• Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
• Growth and development
• Brain and nervous system functions
15. What is the autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies attack TSH receptors on the
thyroid?
• Hyperthyroidism, Graves Disease
16. What are Osteoclasts and what is their function?
Neurological Disorders:
1. What are the risk factors for a brain attack/stroke?
• preexisting hx of atherosclerosis
• preexisting hx of HTN
• older age
• smoking
• diabetes
• high-fat diets
• family hx
2. What are the differences between a TIA & a CVA (BA)?
• Transient Ischemic attack is short term, temporary, does not damage brain tissue,
warning sign as a fully developed stoke can occur
• BA damages brain tissue
3. What is often the first sign of a neurologic event?
• Decreased LOC: not oriented, not alert, confusion, coma, speech garbled, altered
breathing patters, aggresion
4. What are signs and symptoms of a diffuse/brain stem stroke?
• LOC, coma/comatose
• HR and BP changes
• Cheyne-stokes
• Weakened strength
• Sneezing, coughing, reflex diminished
• Positive Babinskis
• Abnormal vital signs
• Decorticate posturing: clenched fist, legs straight out, arms bent in towards core
• Decerebrate Posturing: more severe, head and neck arched, toes pointed down, arms
are straight out
5. What types of “Special Functions” deficits would a person with a left hemispheric stroke
have?
• Dysphasia: difficulty speaking
• Aphasia: loss of understanding or to express speech
• Right side dropping
• Can’t do math, analyze, reason, or organize as efficiently
6. What are the STAT Interventions performed by medical personnel when a patient has a
stroke?
• O2
• HOB up at least 30 degrees
• Diuretics
• ICP monitor
• BP management
7. What is the definition of dementia and what disease does it manifest in?
• Type of forgetfulness that is different from normal absentminded: emotional upset,
behavioral changes
• Alzheimer’s Disease
, Patho OOHs Exam #4 Review Questions
• Posterior frontal lobe: motor changes
8. What are the effects of acetylcholine? Dopamine? How do these relate to Parkinson’s
Disease?
• Acetylcholine: Excitatory
• Dopamine: Inhibitory
• Not enough dopamine, increased excitatory effect
• Hypertonia: mask like face, cog-wheel riddigy of fore arms (jerking)
• Dyskinesia: movement disorder, have facial and trunk movement (Parkinson’s tremor)
pill rolling (booger between fingers), Posture adjustments
9. What is Multiple Sclerosis? What are some signs and symptoms?
• Autoimmune disorder where our T cells attack our myelin sheath, demyelination.
• Asymmetrical (not all plaques are equal)
• S/S: Paresthesia, Double vision, Bladder control issues, Weakness, Vertigo,
incoordination, ataxia = staggering gait
10. Name some differences between general seizures and partial seizures?
• General: always unconscious, tonic-clonic movement
• Partial: begin locally, varied level of consciousness
11. What disease correlates to a positive Brudzinzki’s sign?
• Bacterial/Viral Meningitis
• Brudzinski sign: brain stem attack, neck flexed, pt has severe neck stiffness, hips and
knees flexed
• Kernig’s Sign: flex hip and knees to abdomen, back pain
12. What is the definition of Mydriasis?
• Pupil dilation, equally in both eyes when exposed to less light
• Miosis: pupil contriction, exposed to more light
Endocrine:
13. What is ADH and the problem associated with undersecretion of ADH?
• Antidiuretic hormone: pituitary gland, renal related, CNS related
• Diabetes insipidus: under secretion of ADH, dehydration at its max
• S/S: Polyuria, poor skin turgor, tissue to blood movement, higher osmolality, dry
membranes, thirsty
14. What are Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3) functions in the body?
• Metabolic rate
• Caloric requirements
• Oxygen consumption
• Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
• Growth and development
• Brain and nervous system functions
15. What is the autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies attack TSH receptors on the
thyroid?
• Hyperthyroidism, Graves Disease
16. What are Osteoclasts and what is their function?
