TABLE iOF iCONTENTS
Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Genetically iModified iFood-----------------------------------------------------------------------2
Advantages iof iGenetically iModified iFoods-----------------------------------------------3
Negative iEffects iof igenetically imodified ifood ion ian iincreased idemand
ifor ifood-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Food iScience iand iTechnology iof iGenetic iModification----------------------------6
GMO iconspiracy itheories------------------------------------------------------------------------7
Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
References---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
1 i| iP a g e
, Q3 i
Evaluate ithe iperspectives ion igenetic imodification itechnology ito imeet ithe
iincreased idemand ifor ifood.
Introduction
Genetic imodification itechnology iis a new imolecular itool ifor itargeted igenome
imodification.It iincludes izinc ifinger inucleases (ZFN) itechnology, itranscription
iactivator-like ieffector inucleases i(TALEN) itechnology iand iclustered iregularly
iinterspaced ishort ipalindromic irepeat i(CRISPR)-associated i(CAS) i(CRISPR-Cas)
inucleases itechnology. All of ithese inucleases icreate iDNA idouble-strand ibreaks
(DSB) iat ichromosomal itargeted isites iand iinduce icell iendogenous imechanisms
ithat iare iprimarily irepaired iby ithe inon-homologous iend ijoining i(NHEJ) ior
ihomologous irecombination i(HR) ipathway, iresulting iin itargeted iendogenous
igene iknock-out ior iexogenous igene iinsertion. i
In irecent iyears, igenetic imodification itechnologies ihave ibeen isuccessfully
iapplied ito ibacteria, iyeast, ihuman icells, ifruit ifly, izebra ifish, imouse, irat,
ilivestock, icynomolgus imonkey, iArabidopsis, irice, itobacco, imaize, isorghum,
iwheat, ibarley iand iother iorganisms, ishowing iits ienormous iadvantage iin igene
iediting ifield. Chandler, i& iSanchez,(2012) isuggested ithat ithe inewly ideveloped
iCRISPR-Cas9 isystem iarose imore iattention ibecause iof iits ilow icost, ihigh
ieffectiveness, isimplicity iand ieasiness.iWe ireviewed ithe iprinciples iand ithe ilatest
iresearch iprogress iof ithese ithree itechnologies, ias iwell ias iprospect iof ifuture
iresearch iand iapplications. Genetic imodification (GM) itechnology iallows ithe
itransfer iof igenes ifor ispecific itraits ibetween ispecies iusing ilaboratory
itechniques
GM icrops, ideployed iappropriately iin ilight iof iscientific iknowledge iand isocietal
iand ienvironmental iimperatives, ican iimprove ifood iand ihealth isubstantially
iwithout idetriment ito ithe ienvironment.In ifact ithere iis iconsiderable ipotential ifor
ipreserving ithe ienvironment ithrough iuse iof iGMOs ito ireduce iexcessive iuse iof
ipesticides iand ifertilizers
Genetically iModified iFood
2 i| iP a g e
Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Genetically iModified iFood-----------------------------------------------------------------------2
Advantages iof iGenetically iModified iFoods-----------------------------------------------3
Negative iEffects iof igenetically imodified ifood ion ian iincreased idemand
ifor ifood-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Food iScience iand iTechnology iof iGenetic iModification----------------------------6
GMO iconspiracy itheories------------------------------------------------------------------------7
Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
References---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
1 i| iP a g e
, Q3 i
Evaluate ithe iperspectives ion igenetic imodification itechnology ito imeet ithe
iincreased idemand ifor ifood.
Introduction
Genetic imodification itechnology iis a new imolecular itool ifor itargeted igenome
imodification.It iincludes izinc ifinger inucleases (ZFN) itechnology, itranscription
iactivator-like ieffector inucleases i(TALEN) itechnology iand iclustered iregularly
iinterspaced ishort ipalindromic irepeat i(CRISPR)-associated i(CAS) i(CRISPR-Cas)
inucleases itechnology. All of ithese inucleases icreate iDNA idouble-strand ibreaks
(DSB) iat ichromosomal itargeted isites iand iinduce icell iendogenous imechanisms
ithat iare iprimarily irepaired iby ithe inon-homologous iend ijoining i(NHEJ) ior
ihomologous irecombination i(HR) ipathway, iresulting iin itargeted iendogenous
igene iknock-out ior iexogenous igene iinsertion. i
In irecent iyears, igenetic imodification itechnologies ihave ibeen isuccessfully
iapplied ito ibacteria, iyeast, ihuman icells, ifruit ifly, izebra ifish, imouse, irat,
ilivestock, icynomolgus imonkey, iArabidopsis, irice, itobacco, imaize, isorghum,
iwheat, ibarley iand iother iorganisms, ishowing iits ienormous iadvantage iin igene
iediting ifield. Chandler, i& iSanchez,(2012) isuggested ithat ithe inewly ideveloped
iCRISPR-Cas9 isystem iarose imore iattention ibecause iof iits ilow icost, ihigh
ieffectiveness, isimplicity iand ieasiness.iWe ireviewed ithe iprinciples iand ithe ilatest
iresearch iprogress iof ithese ithree itechnologies, ias iwell ias iprospect iof ifuture
iresearch iand iapplications. Genetic imodification (GM) itechnology iallows ithe
itransfer iof igenes ifor ispecific itraits ibetween ispecies iusing ilaboratory
itechniques
GM icrops, ideployed iappropriately iin ilight iof iscientific iknowledge iand isocietal
iand ienvironmental iimperatives, ican iimprove ifood iand ihealth isubstantially
iwithout idetriment ito ithe ienvironment.In ifact ithere iis iconsiderable ipotential ifor
ipreserving ithe ienvironment ithrough iuse iof iGMOs ito ireduce iexcessive iuse iof
ipesticides iand ifertilizers
Genetically iModified iFood
2 i| iP a g e
