Inhoudsopgave
Les 1 : inleiding Hoofdstuk 1 (p.1-28).............................................................................................................. 6
Niet-wetenschappelijke methoden om kennis te vergaren..................................................................................6
1. Vasthoudendheid (tenacity)..........................................................................................................................6
2. intuïtie...........................................................................................................................................................6
3. autoriteit...........................................................................................................................................................7
4. Ralationisme..................................................................................................................................................7
5. Empirie...........................................................................................................................................................8
De wetenschappelijke methode............................................................................................................................8
Stap 1 : observatie.............................................................................................................................................9
Stap 2 : hypotheses vormen..............................................................................................................................9
Stap 3 : predicties vormen................................................................................................................................9
Stap 4 : evalueer..............................................................................................................................................10
Stap 5 : hypothese onderleggen, weerleggen, herspecifiëren.......................................................................10
3 belangrijke principes van de wetenschappelijke methode :............................................................................11
Pseudowetenschap.............................................................................................................................................11
Kwantitatief versus kwalitatief...........................................................................................................................12
De empirische cyclus...........................................................................................................................................12
Emirische cyclus : stap 1..................................................................................................................................13
Empirische cyclus : stap 2................................................................................................................................14
De empirische cyclus : stap 3..........................................................................................................................14
De empirische cyclus : stap 4..........................................................................................................................14
Empirische cyclus : stap 5................................................................................................................................14
Empirische cyclus : stap 6-9............................................................................................................................15
Empirische cyclus : stap 10..............................................................................................................................15
Les 2 : hypothesen formuleren, variabelen definiëren en meten Handboek hoofdstuk 2 (p.45-48) en
hoofdstuk 3 (p51-80).................................................................................................................................... 15
Hypothese formuleren........................................................................................................................................15
Variabelen definiëren en meten..........................................................................................................................16
Constructen en operationele definities...............................................................................................................17
Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid............................................................................................................................19
Validiteit..........................................................................................................................................................19
Betrouwbaarheid............................................................................................................................................20
Meetschalen........................................................................................................................................................21
Nominale meetschaal......................................................................................................................................22
Ordinale meetschaal.......................................................................................................................................22
Interval meetschaal.........................................................................................................................................22
Ratio meetschaal.............................................................................................................................................22
Interval VS ratio meetschaal...........................................................................................................................22
1
, Meet”modaliteiten”............................................................................................................................................23
Zelfrapportage.................................................................................................................................................23
Fysiologie.........................................................................................................................................................23
Gedragsmaten.................................................................................................................................................24
Andere aspecten van meten...............................................................................................................................24
Multipele metingen.........................................................................................................................................24
Sensitiviteit......................................................................................................................................................24
Artefacten........................................................................................................................................................25
Les 3 : participanten selecteren Handboek hoofdstuk 5 (p. 109-126).............................................................26
Steekproeftrekking :............................................................................................................................................26
Steekproefbias.....................................................................................................................................................27
Steekproeftrekking..............................................................................................................................................27
Probability sampling...........................................................................................................................................27
Simple random sampling.................................................................................................................................28
Systematische sampling..................................................................................................................................29
Gestratificeerde random sampling.................................................................................................................29
Proportionele gestratificeerde random sampling...........................................................................................30
Cluster sampling..............................................................................................................................................30
Nonprobability sampling.....................................................................................................................................30
Convenience sampling....................................................................................................................................30
Quota sampling...............................................................................................................................................31
Les 4 : onderzoeksstrategieën en validiteit Handboek hoofdstuk 6 (p.127-156).............................................31
Beschrijvend........................................................................................................................................................31
Correlationeel......................................................................................................................................................31
Experimenteel, quasi-experimenteel, non-experimenteel..................................................................................32
Experimenteel.....................................................................................................................................................32
Quasi-experimenteel...........................................................................................................................................33
Non-experimenteel.............................................................................................................................................33
Correlationeel versus non-experimenteel...........................................................................................................33
Onderzoeksstrategieën.......................................................................................................................................33
Externe validiteit (van de studie)........................................................................................................................34
Interne validiteit..................................................................................................................................................34
Bedreigingen van validiteit.................................................................................................................................34
Categorie 1 : bedreigingen van externe validiteit...........................................................................................35
Categorie 2 : generaliseren over kenmerken van een studie.........................................................................35
Categorie 3 : generaliseren over kenmerken van metingen...........................................................................35
storende (“confounding”) variabelen.................................................................................................................35
Omgevingsvariabelen......................................................................................................................................36
Participantvariabelen......................................................................................................................................36
2
, Tijdsgerelateerde variabelen...........................................................................................................................36
Meer over interne en externe validiteit..............................................................................................................37
!!!!! Les 5 : de experimentele onderzoeksstrategie, experimentele designs : tussen-subject degigns Handboek
hoofdstuk 7 (p.157-184) en hoofdstuk 8 (p185-210).....................................................................................38
De experimentele onderzoeksstrategie..............................................................................................................38
Oorzaak-gevolg relaties...................................................................................................................................38
Elementen van een experiment......................................................................................................................39
Bijkomende variabelen controleren................................................................................................................41
Controle condities...........................................................................................................................................42
Manipulatie-checks.........................................................................................................................................43
Externe validiteit verhogen.............................................................................................................................43
Tussen-subject desgin = independent-measures design.....................................................................................44
Karakteristieken tussen-subject design..........................................................................................................44
Voor- en nadelen.............................................................................................................................................45
Individuele verschillen.........................................................................................................................................45
Andere bedreigingen van interne validiteit........................................................................................................47
1 differentiële wrijving (=differntial attrition)................................................................................................47
Communicatie tussen 2 groepen....................................................................................................................47
Les 6 : experimentele designs : binnen-subject designs, non- en quasi- experimentele strategieën en desgins
Handboek hoofdstuk 9 (p.211-236) en hoofdstuk 10 (p.237-264)..................................................................47
Experimentele onderzoeksstrategie (les 5).........................................................................................................47
Karakteristieken binnen-subject design..............................................................................................................48
Bedreigingen voor interne validiteit...................................................................................................................48
History.............................................................................................................................................................49
Maturatie.........................................................................................................................................................49
Instrumentatie.................................................................................................................................................49
Statische regressie...........................................................................................................................................49
Orde effecten..................................................................................................................................................49
Omgaan met tijdsgerelateerde bedreigingen.....................................................................................................50
Tijd controleren...............................................................................................................................................50
Ga over op een tussen-subject design............................................................................................................50
Contrabalanceren............................................................................................................................................50
Voor- en nadelen binnen subject design........................................................................................................52
Tussen- VS binnen-subject design.......................................................................................................................52
Non-en quasi-experimentele onderzoeksstrategieën.........................................................................................52
Tussen-subject design.........................................................................................................................................53
Differentiële onderzoeksdesign......................................................................................................................53
Posttest only niet-equivalente controle groep design....................................................................................54
Pretest-posttest niet-equivalente controle groep design...............................................................................54
Binnen-subject design.........................................................................................................................................55
Pretest-posttest design...................................................................................................................................55
3
, Time-series design...........................................................................................................................................56
Designs voor ontwikkelingsonderzoek................................................................................................................56
Cross-sectioneel design...................................................................................................................................56
Longitudinaal design.......................................................................................................................................57
Overzicht.............................................................................................................................................................58
Les 7 : factoriële designs Handboek hoofdstuk 11 (p.265-294)......................................................................58
Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................59
Hoofdeffecten en interacties...............................................................................................................................59
Types factorieële design......................................................................................................................................61
Pretest-posttest controlegroep designs (les 6)...............................................................................................62
Hogere-orde factoriële designs.......................................................................................................................63
Toepassing van factoriële designs......................................................................................................................63
Les 8 : correlationele en beschrijvende onderzoeksstrategieën Handboek hoofdstuk 12 (p.295-312) en
hoofdstuk 13 (P.313-340)............................................................................................................................. 63
Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................63
Toepassingen......................................................................................................................................................64
Voor- en nadelen.................................................................................................................................................64
Meerdere variabelen...........................................................................................................................................65
Beschrijvende onderzoeksstrategie....................................................................................................................65
Observationeel onderzoek..............................................................................................................................65
Types observaties............................................................................................................................................66
Kleine samenvatting observationeel design.......................................................................................................67
Survey design......................................................................................................................................................67
Typen van vragen............................................................................................................................................68
Survey samenstellen.......................................................................................................................................69
Selecteer relevante en representatieve steekproef.......................................................................................70
Survey afnemen...............................................................................................................................................70
Voor- en nadelen survey design..........................................................................................................................71
Case study...........................................................................................................................................................71
Voor- en nadelen case study...............................................................................................................................71
Les 9 : Open Science niet in het handboek.................................................................................................... 72
Wat is wetenschap?............................................................................................................................................72
Wetenschappelijke cyclus...................................................................................................................................72
Publiceren............................................................................................................................................................72
Waarom?.........................................................................................................................................................72
Open science.......................................................................................................................................................73
wetenschappelijke cyclus....................................................................................................................................74
4
Les 1 : inleiding Hoofdstuk 1 (p.1-28).............................................................................................................. 6
Niet-wetenschappelijke methoden om kennis te vergaren..................................................................................6
1. Vasthoudendheid (tenacity)..........................................................................................................................6
2. intuïtie...........................................................................................................................................................6
3. autoriteit...........................................................................................................................................................7
4. Ralationisme..................................................................................................................................................7
5. Empirie...........................................................................................................................................................8
De wetenschappelijke methode............................................................................................................................8
Stap 1 : observatie.............................................................................................................................................9
Stap 2 : hypotheses vormen..............................................................................................................................9
Stap 3 : predicties vormen................................................................................................................................9
Stap 4 : evalueer..............................................................................................................................................10
Stap 5 : hypothese onderleggen, weerleggen, herspecifiëren.......................................................................10
3 belangrijke principes van de wetenschappelijke methode :............................................................................11
Pseudowetenschap.............................................................................................................................................11
Kwantitatief versus kwalitatief...........................................................................................................................12
De empirische cyclus...........................................................................................................................................12
Emirische cyclus : stap 1..................................................................................................................................13
Empirische cyclus : stap 2................................................................................................................................14
De empirische cyclus : stap 3..........................................................................................................................14
De empirische cyclus : stap 4..........................................................................................................................14
Empirische cyclus : stap 5................................................................................................................................14
Empirische cyclus : stap 6-9............................................................................................................................15
Empirische cyclus : stap 10..............................................................................................................................15
Les 2 : hypothesen formuleren, variabelen definiëren en meten Handboek hoofdstuk 2 (p.45-48) en
hoofdstuk 3 (p51-80).................................................................................................................................... 15
Hypothese formuleren........................................................................................................................................15
Variabelen definiëren en meten..........................................................................................................................16
Constructen en operationele definities...............................................................................................................17
Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid............................................................................................................................19
Validiteit..........................................................................................................................................................19
Betrouwbaarheid............................................................................................................................................20
Meetschalen........................................................................................................................................................21
Nominale meetschaal......................................................................................................................................22
Ordinale meetschaal.......................................................................................................................................22
Interval meetschaal.........................................................................................................................................22
Ratio meetschaal.............................................................................................................................................22
Interval VS ratio meetschaal...........................................................................................................................22
1
, Meet”modaliteiten”............................................................................................................................................23
Zelfrapportage.................................................................................................................................................23
Fysiologie.........................................................................................................................................................23
Gedragsmaten.................................................................................................................................................24
Andere aspecten van meten...............................................................................................................................24
Multipele metingen.........................................................................................................................................24
Sensitiviteit......................................................................................................................................................24
Artefacten........................................................................................................................................................25
Les 3 : participanten selecteren Handboek hoofdstuk 5 (p. 109-126).............................................................26
Steekproeftrekking :............................................................................................................................................26
Steekproefbias.....................................................................................................................................................27
Steekproeftrekking..............................................................................................................................................27
Probability sampling...........................................................................................................................................27
Simple random sampling.................................................................................................................................28
Systematische sampling..................................................................................................................................29
Gestratificeerde random sampling.................................................................................................................29
Proportionele gestratificeerde random sampling...........................................................................................30
Cluster sampling..............................................................................................................................................30
Nonprobability sampling.....................................................................................................................................30
Convenience sampling....................................................................................................................................30
Quota sampling...............................................................................................................................................31
Les 4 : onderzoeksstrategieën en validiteit Handboek hoofdstuk 6 (p.127-156).............................................31
Beschrijvend........................................................................................................................................................31
Correlationeel......................................................................................................................................................31
Experimenteel, quasi-experimenteel, non-experimenteel..................................................................................32
Experimenteel.....................................................................................................................................................32
Quasi-experimenteel...........................................................................................................................................33
Non-experimenteel.............................................................................................................................................33
Correlationeel versus non-experimenteel...........................................................................................................33
Onderzoeksstrategieën.......................................................................................................................................33
Externe validiteit (van de studie)........................................................................................................................34
Interne validiteit..................................................................................................................................................34
Bedreigingen van validiteit.................................................................................................................................34
Categorie 1 : bedreigingen van externe validiteit...........................................................................................35
Categorie 2 : generaliseren over kenmerken van een studie.........................................................................35
Categorie 3 : generaliseren over kenmerken van metingen...........................................................................35
storende (“confounding”) variabelen.................................................................................................................35
Omgevingsvariabelen......................................................................................................................................36
Participantvariabelen......................................................................................................................................36
2
, Tijdsgerelateerde variabelen...........................................................................................................................36
Meer over interne en externe validiteit..............................................................................................................37
!!!!! Les 5 : de experimentele onderzoeksstrategie, experimentele designs : tussen-subject degigns Handboek
hoofdstuk 7 (p.157-184) en hoofdstuk 8 (p185-210).....................................................................................38
De experimentele onderzoeksstrategie..............................................................................................................38
Oorzaak-gevolg relaties...................................................................................................................................38
Elementen van een experiment......................................................................................................................39
Bijkomende variabelen controleren................................................................................................................41
Controle condities...........................................................................................................................................42
Manipulatie-checks.........................................................................................................................................43
Externe validiteit verhogen.............................................................................................................................43
Tussen-subject desgin = independent-measures design.....................................................................................44
Karakteristieken tussen-subject design..........................................................................................................44
Voor- en nadelen.............................................................................................................................................45
Individuele verschillen.........................................................................................................................................45
Andere bedreigingen van interne validiteit........................................................................................................47
1 differentiële wrijving (=differntial attrition)................................................................................................47
Communicatie tussen 2 groepen....................................................................................................................47
Les 6 : experimentele designs : binnen-subject designs, non- en quasi- experimentele strategieën en desgins
Handboek hoofdstuk 9 (p.211-236) en hoofdstuk 10 (p.237-264)..................................................................47
Experimentele onderzoeksstrategie (les 5).........................................................................................................47
Karakteristieken binnen-subject design..............................................................................................................48
Bedreigingen voor interne validiteit...................................................................................................................48
History.............................................................................................................................................................49
Maturatie.........................................................................................................................................................49
Instrumentatie.................................................................................................................................................49
Statische regressie...........................................................................................................................................49
Orde effecten..................................................................................................................................................49
Omgaan met tijdsgerelateerde bedreigingen.....................................................................................................50
Tijd controleren...............................................................................................................................................50
Ga over op een tussen-subject design............................................................................................................50
Contrabalanceren............................................................................................................................................50
Voor- en nadelen binnen subject design........................................................................................................52
Tussen- VS binnen-subject design.......................................................................................................................52
Non-en quasi-experimentele onderzoeksstrategieën.........................................................................................52
Tussen-subject design.........................................................................................................................................53
Differentiële onderzoeksdesign......................................................................................................................53
Posttest only niet-equivalente controle groep design....................................................................................54
Pretest-posttest niet-equivalente controle groep design...............................................................................54
Binnen-subject design.........................................................................................................................................55
Pretest-posttest design...................................................................................................................................55
3
, Time-series design...........................................................................................................................................56
Designs voor ontwikkelingsonderzoek................................................................................................................56
Cross-sectioneel design...................................................................................................................................56
Longitudinaal design.......................................................................................................................................57
Overzicht.............................................................................................................................................................58
Les 7 : factoriële designs Handboek hoofdstuk 11 (p.265-294)......................................................................58
Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................59
Hoofdeffecten en interacties...............................................................................................................................59
Types factorieële design......................................................................................................................................61
Pretest-posttest controlegroep designs (les 6)...............................................................................................62
Hogere-orde factoriële designs.......................................................................................................................63
Toepassing van factoriële designs......................................................................................................................63
Les 8 : correlationele en beschrijvende onderzoeksstrategieën Handboek hoofdstuk 12 (p.295-312) en
hoofdstuk 13 (P.313-340)............................................................................................................................. 63
Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................63
Toepassingen......................................................................................................................................................64
Voor- en nadelen.................................................................................................................................................64
Meerdere variabelen...........................................................................................................................................65
Beschrijvende onderzoeksstrategie....................................................................................................................65
Observationeel onderzoek..............................................................................................................................65
Types observaties............................................................................................................................................66
Kleine samenvatting observationeel design.......................................................................................................67
Survey design......................................................................................................................................................67
Typen van vragen............................................................................................................................................68
Survey samenstellen.......................................................................................................................................69
Selecteer relevante en representatieve steekproef.......................................................................................70
Survey afnemen...............................................................................................................................................70
Voor- en nadelen survey design..........................................................................................................................71
Case study...........................................................................................................................................................71
Voor- en nadelen case study...............................................................................................................................71
Les 9 : Open Science niet in het handboek.................................................................................................... 72
Wat is wetenschap?............................................................................................................................................72
Wetenschappelijke cyclus...................................................................................................................................72
Publiceren............................................................................................................................................................72
Waarom?.........................................................................................................................................................72
Open science.......................................................................................................................................................73
wetenschappelijke cyclus....................................................................................................................................74
4
