Examen micro-economie
Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1&2 – Introduction to economics...................................................................................................... 4
1. What is economics?................................................................................................................................... 4
2. How people make decisions....................................................................................................................... 4
3. The economist as policy advisor................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 3 – Market forces of supply and demand........................................................................................... 6
1. The assumption of the market model......................................................................................................... 6
2. Vraag......................................................................................................................................................... 6
3. Aanbod.................................................................................................................................................... 10
4. Vraag en aanbod samen........................................................................................................................... 12
5. Conclusion: how prices allocate resources................................................................................................ 16
Chapter 4 – Elasticity and its applications..................................................................................................... 16
1. The concept of an elasticity...................................................................................................................... 16
2. De prijselasticiteit van de vraag................................................................................................................ 18
3. Andere vraagelasticiteiten........................................................................................................................ 20
4. Prijselasticiteit van het aanbod................................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 5 – The theory of consumer choice..................................................................................................23
1. Waarde en nut......................................................................................................................................... 23
2. Budget en budgetrechte........................................................................................................................... 23
3. Impacten op de budgetrechte.................................................................................................................. 24
4. Voorkeuren van een consument............................................................................................................... 25
5. Totaal nut en marginaal nut..................................................................................................................... 27
6. Optimale goederenbundel........................................................................................................................ 28
7. Deriving the demand curve...................................................................................................................... 30
8. Engel curve.............................................................................................................................................. 32
9. Kritiek...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 7 – Consumers, producers, and the efficiency of markets.................................................................35
1
Courcelles Lene
,1. Consumentensurplus............................................................................................................................... 35
2. Producenten surplus................................................................................................................................ 37
3. Welvaart.................................................................................................................................................. 39
Chapiter 8 – Supply and demand and government policies...........................................................................42
1. Maximumprijs.......................................................................................................................................... 42
2. Minimumprijs.......................................................................................................................................... 43
3. Andere overheidsingrijpen....................................................................................................................... 44
4. Conclusie................................................................................................................................................. 45
5. Belastingen.............................................................................................................................................. 45
6. Subsidies.................................................................................................................................................. 49
Chapter 9 – The tax system and the costs of taxation...................................................................................50
1. Efficiëntie van belastingen........................................................................................................................ 50
2. Impact..................................................................................................................................................... 50
3. Omvang van de welvaart.......................................................................................................................... 51
4. Case study welvaartsverlies...................................................................................................................... 52
5. Belastingwijzigingen................................................................................................................................. 52
6. Administrative burden............................................................................................................................. 53
Chapter 10 - Public goods, common resources and merit goods....................................................................53
1. The different kind of goods....................................................................................................................... 53
2. Publieke goederen................................................................................................................................... 54
3. De optimale voorziening van een publiek goed.........................................................................................56
4. Common resources.................................................................................................................................. 57
5. Merit goods............................................................................................................................................. 58
6. Conclusie................................................................................................................................................. 59
Chapter 11 – Externalities and market failure...............................................................................................60
1. Productie-externaliteit............................................................................................................................. 60
2. Externaliteiten en markt inefficiëntie....................................................................................................... 61
3. Consumptie-externaliteiten...................................................................................................................... 62
4. Overzicht externaliteiten.......................................................................................................................... 63
2
Courcelles Lene
,5. Coase Theorem........................................................................................................................................ 64
6. Normen opleggen.................................................................................................................................... 64
7. Pigouviaanse belastingen en subsidies...................................................................................................... 67
8. Verhandelbare vervuilingsvergunningen..................................................................................................68
9. Publieke en privaat beleid ten aanzien van externe effecten.....................................................................69
10. Bezwaren tegen de economische analyse van vervuiling.........................................................................69
11. Conclusie................................................................................................................................................ 70
3
Courcelles Lene
, Chapter 1&2 – Introduction to economics
1. What is economics?
Economy: de economie of de economische situatie
Economics: de economische wetenschap (deze cursus)
o Eigenheid van de economische wetenschap is niet in wat ze bestudeert maar
in de hoe ze dingen bestudeert. (NIET zwart-wit)
Keuzes maken gebaseerd op tijd en geld zorgt voor spanning
o Personen hun verlangen: ongelimiteerd
o Beschikbare bronnen: gelimiteerd
> Opportuniteitskost bepalen
> Streven naar winstmaximalisatie
Economics is the study of how society manages its scares resources to full fil the
unlimited needs
o Micro-economisch: huishouden en bedrijven (bepaald goed)
o Macro-economisch: economische fenomenen (bepaalde industrie)
2. How people make decisions
4 principes van individuele keuzebepaling
o Keuzes maken:
- Efficiency: meeste krijgen voor het minste van de bronnen
- Equity: de eerlijke verdeling van de opportuniteit
>Trade-off: om de rechtvaardige verdeling te maximaliseren zullen de
mensen efficiëntie moeten opgeven en vice versa.
o Denken in opportuniteitskosten
- Opportuniteitskost= de waarde van de verloren gegane best mogelijke
alternatieve aanwending van de middelen.
- Niet hetzelfde als boekhoudkundige kosten
>Voor een economische goede beslissing zal de waarde van de
gemaakte keuze groter zijn dan de hierdoor veroorzaakte
opportuniteitskost.
- Bepaald door 5 stappen: welke keuze? welke middelen?, welke
alternatieven?, beste alternatief?, waarde beste alternatief?
- Verloren, gegane keuzes zijn kosten
4
Courcelles Lene
Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1&2 – Introduction to economics...................................................................................................... 4
1. What is economics?................................................................................................................................... 4
2. How people make decisions....................................................................................................................... 4
3. The economist as policy advisor................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 3 – Market forces of supply and demand........................................................................................... 6
1. The assumption of the market model......................................................................................................... 6
2. Vraag......................................................................................................................................................... 6
3. Aanbod.................................................................................................................................................... 10
4. Vraag en aanbod samen........................................................................................................................... 12
5. Conclusion: how prices allocate resources................................................................................................ 16
Chapter 4 – Elasticity and its applications..................................................................................................... 16
1. The concept of an elasticity...................................................................................................................... 16
2. De prijselasticiteit van de vraag................................................................................................................ 18
3. Andere vraagelasticiteiten........................................................................................................................ 20
4. Prijselasticiteit van het aanbod................................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 5 – The theory of consumer choice..................................................................................................23
1. Waarde en nut......................................................................................................................................... 23
2. Budget en budgetrechte........................................................................................................................... 23
3. Impacten op de budgetrechte.................................................................................................................. 24
4. Voorkeuren van een consument............................................................................................................... 25
5. Totaal nut en marginaal nut..................................................................................................................... 27
6. Optimale goederenbundel........................................................................................................................ 28
7. Deriving the demand curve...................................................................................................................... 30
8. Engel curve.............................................................................................................................................. 32
9. Kritiek...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 7 – Consumers, producers, and the efficiency of markets.................................................................35
1
Courcelles Lene
,1. Consumentensurplus............................................................................................................................... 35
2. Producenten surplus................................................................................................................................ 37
3. Welvaart.................................................................................................................................................. 39
Chapiter 8 – Supply and demand and government policies...........................................................................42
1. Maximumprijs.......................................................................................................................................... 42
2. Minimumprijs.......................................................................................................................................... 43
3. Andere overheidsingrijpen....................................................................................................................... 44
4. Conclusie................................................................................................................................................. 45
5. Belastingen.............................................................................................................................................. 45
6. Subsidies.................................................................................................................................................. 49
Chapter 9 – The tax system and the costs of taxation...................................................................................50
1. Efficiëntie van belastingen........................................................................................................................ 50
2. Impact..................................................................................................................................................... 50
3. Omvang van de welvaart.......................................................................................................................... 51
4. Case study welvaartsverlies...................................................................................................................... 52
5. Belastingwijzigingen................................................................................................................................. 52
6. Administrative burden............................................................................................................................. 53
Chapter 10 - Public goods, common resources and merit goods....................................................................53
1. The different kind of goods....................................................................................................................... 53
2. Publieke goederen................................................................................................................................... 54
3. De optimale voorziening van een publiek goed.........................................................................................56
4. Common resources.................................................................................................................................. 57
5. Merit goods............................................................................................................................................. 58
6. Conclusie................................................................................................................................................. 59
Chapter 11 – Externalities and market failure...............................................................................................60
1. Productie-externaliteit............................................................................................................................. 60
2. Externaliteiten en markt inefficiëntie....................................................................................................... 61
3. Consumptie-externaliteiten...................................................................................................................... 62
4. Overzicht externaliteiten.......................................................................................................................... 63
2
Courcelles Lene
,5. Coase Theorem........................................................................................................................................ 64
6. Normen opleggen.................................................................................................................................... 64
7. Pigouviaanse belastingen en subsidies...................................................................................................... 67
8. Verhandelbare vervuilingsvergunningen..................................................................................................68
9. Publieke en privaat beleid ten aanzien van externe effecten.....................................................................69
10. Bezwaren tegen de economische analyse van vervuiling.........................................................................69
11. Conclusie................................................................................................................................................ 70
3
Courcelles Lene
, Chapter 1&2 – Introduction to economics
1. What is economics?
Economy: de economie of de economische situatie
Economics: de economische wetenschap (deze cursus)
o Eigenheid van de economische wetenschap is niet in wat ze bestudeert maar
in de hoe ze dingen bestudeert. (NIET zwart-wit)
Keuzes maken gebaseerd op tijd en geld zorgt voor spanning
o Personen hun verlangen: ongelimiteerd
o Beschikbare bronnen: gelimiteerd
> Opportuniteitskost bepalen
> Streven naar winstmaximalisatie
Economics is the study of how society manages its scares resources to full fil the
unlimited needs
o Micro-economisch: huishouden en bedrijven (bepaald goed)
o Macro-economisch: economische fenomenen (bepaalde industrie)
2. How people make decisions
4 principes van individuele keuzebepaling
o Keuzes maken:
- Efficiency: meeste krijgen voor het minste van de bronnen
- Equity: de eerlijke verdeling van de opportuniteit
>Trade-off: om de rechtvaardige verdeling te maximaliseren zullen de
mensen efficiëntie moeten opgeven en vice versa.
o Denken in opportuniteitskosten
- Opportuniteitskost= de waarde van de verloren gegane best mogelijke
alternatieve aanwending van de middelen.
- Niet hetzelfde als boekhoudkundige kosten
>Voor een economische goede beslissing zal de waarde van de
gemaakte keuze groter zijn dan de hierdoor veroorzaakte
opportuniteitskost.
- Bepaald door 5 stappen: welke keuze? welke middelen?, welke
alternatieven?, beste alternatief?, waarde beste alternatief?
- Verloren, gegane keuzes zijn kosten
4
Courcelles Lene
