CONCEPTS MCD
#MeToo A spontaneous, uncontrolled digital movement that denounces (afkeurt)
sexism in all its forms.
Essentialism Certain embodied traits are assumed tobe natural and biological and exist priorto the
birth of a person.
Certain embodied experience are assumed to be ahistorical and universal.
Non-essentialism There is no prior identity because all identities are shaped and become
meaningful in and through culture.
Social constructionism Identities are socially constructed and vary culturally and historically.
There isroom for transhistorical and universal experiences.
Subjectivity BARKER - The condition of being a person and the process by which we become a
person. It’s how we are constituted as subjects and how we
experience ourselves.
Self-identity BARKER – the verbal conceptions we hold about ourselves and the emotionally
identification with those self-descriptions.
GIDDENS - it is the self as a reflexively understood by the persons in terms of his
or her biography
Social identity BARKER – the expectations andopinions that others have of us.
Identity politics BARKER – the forging of ‘new languages’ of identity combined with
acting to change social practices, usually through the formation of coalitions where at
least some values are shared.
Culture WILLIAMS – culture is a description of aparticular way of life which express certain
2
CONCEPTEN MCD 2021 Gilles 2
, meanings and values, not only inart and learning, but
also in institutions and ordinary behavior.
Social categorization LIPPMANN - how we categorize the world → we need a framework to
make sense of the big amount of information we have to digest, it would be
impossible to do without categories.
Stereotyping LIPPMANN - our way of making categories is not objective, it is
simplified so we stereotype by picking out certain characteristics.
Social psychology Cognitive structures, categorization, focus on individual’s
attitudes/behavior in relation to others.
Social types DYER - People who live by the rules of society. Social types will rather be
white,middle class, heterosexual…
Stereotypes DYER - Rules designed to exclude people. People are portrayed as rigid andunalterable.
Stereotypes will rather be people at the margins of
society.
Stereotyping through iconography DYER - The use of certain set of visual and aural signs which immediately
bespeak a minority identity <like homosexuality> and
connote the qualities associated, stereotypically, with it.
Stereotypes through These stereotypes are about the functionof the character in the text’s structures.
structures
Static structures: ideology and materialconditions of the presented world (de
achtergrond van het verhaal).
Dynamic structures: the plot in which thecharacter moves, acts,
develops…
3
CONCEPTEN MCD 2021 Gilles 3
, Trans-coding strategies HALL – Trans-coding strategies are tools and tactics to challenge stereotypes. A trans-
coding strategy basically comes down to taking an existing meaning and re-
appropriating it for new meanings. There are three strategies to do this.
- Reversing the stereotypes
- Positive and negative images
- Trough the eye of representation
Hyperstereotyping GRAY – Mock processes of stereotyping.
Structural intersectionality The intersection of two identities makes actual experiences qualitatively different than
the experiences of people with whitemajor identities.
Ex.: women of color experience moreviolence than white women.
Political intersectionality Intersectionality needs to be the fundamental basis for politics and
policies, but there are conflicting political agendas. We are reproducing oppressive
discourse.
Representational Cultural construction of people’sintersectional identities.
intersectionality
Sex The biochemical and genetic structures that differentiate ‘male’ species from ‘female’
species in terms of one’s reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
It’s important to see that ‘male’ and ‘female’ are between quotation
marks. This refers to the fact that these terms are created by languages.
Gender Social construction of what it means to be born with ‘male’ or ‘female’ sex
characteristics. In this context, social construction means that the meaning of being
born as a with ‘male’ and the meaning of being born
as ‘female’ is created through social interaction.
Feminism Feminism is a political and academic organization. There are several
4
CONCEPTEN MCD 2021 Gilles 4
#MeToo A spontaneous, uncontrolled digital movement that denounces (afkeurt)
sexism in all its forms.
Essentialism Certain embodied traits are assumed tobe natural and biological and exist priorto the
birth of a person.
Certain embodied experience are assumed to be ahistorical and universal.
Non-essentialism There is no prior identity because all identities are shaped and become
meaningful in and through culture.
Social constructionism Identities are socially constructed and vary culturally and historically.
There isroom for transhistorical and universal experiences.
Subjectivity BARKER - The condition of being a person and the process by which we become a
person. It’s how we are constituted as subjects and how we
experience ourselves.
Self-identity BARKER – the verbal conceptions we hold about ourselves and the emotionally
identification with those self-descriptions.
GIDDENS - it is the self as a reflexively understood by the persons in terms of his
or her biography
Social identity BARKER – the expectations andopinions that others have of us.
Identity politics BARKER – the forging of ‘new languages’ of identity combined with
acting to change social practices, usually through the formation of coalitions where at
least some values are shared.
Culture WILLIAMS – culture is a description of aparticular way of life which express certain
2
CONCEPTEN MCD 2021 Gilles 2
, meanings and values, not only inart and learning, but
also in institutions and ordinary behavior.
Social categorization LIPPMANN - how we categorize the world → we need a framework to
make sense of the big amount of information we have to digest, it would be
impossible to do without categories.
Stereotyping LIPPMANN - our way of making categories is not objective, it is
simplified so we stereotype by picking out certain characteristics.
Social psychology Cognitive structures, categorization, focus on individual’s
attitudes/behavior in relation to others.
Social types DYER - People who live by the rules of society. Social types will rather be
white,middle class, heterosexual…
Stereotypes DYER - Rules designed to exclude people. People are portrayed as rigid andunalterable.
Stereotypes will rather be people at the margins of
society.
Stereotyping through iconography DYER - The use of certain set of visual and aural signs which immediately
bespeak a minority identity <like homosexuality> and
connote the qualities associated, stereotypically, with it.
Stereotypes through These stereotypes are about the functionof the character in the text’s structures.
structures
Static structures: ideology and materialconditions of the presented world (de
achtergrond van het verhaal).
Dynamic structures: the plot in which thecharacter moves, acts,
develops…
3
CONCEPTEN MCD 2021 Gilles 3
, Trans-coding strategies HALL – Trans-coding strategies are tools and tactics to challenge stereotypes. A trans-
coding strategy basically comes down to taking an existing meaning and re-
appropriating it for new meanings. There are three strategies to do this.
- Reversing the stereotypes
- Positive and negative images
- Trough the eye of representation
Hyperstereotyping GRAY – Mock processes of stereotyping.
Structural intersectionality The intersection of two identities makes actual experiences qualitatively different than
the experiences of people with whitemajor identities.
Ex.: women of color experience moreviolence than white women.
Political intersectionality Intersectionality needs to be the fundamental basis for politics and
policies, but there are conflicting political agendas. We are reproducing oppressive
discourse.
Representational Cultural construction of people’sintersectional identities.
intersectionality
Sex The biochemical and genetic structures that differentiate ‘male’ species from ‘female’
species in terms of one’s reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
It’s important to see that ‘male’ and ‘female’ are between quotation
marks. This refers to the fact that these terms are created by languages.
Gender Social construction of what it means to be born with ‘male’ or ‘female’ sex
characteristics. In this context, social construction means that the meaning of being
born as a with ‘male’ and the meaning of being born
as ‘female’ is created through social interaction.
Feminism Feminism is a political and academic organization. There are several
4
CONCEPTEN MCD 2021 Gilles 4
