WHOLE OF ASSIGNMENT 1 UNIT 12 AWARDED DISTINCTION
Assignment A - Part 1 (Pass 1)
Bacterial Cell
,WHOLE OF ASSIGNMENT 1 UNIT 12 AWARDED DISTINCTION
Functions:
● Cytoplasm- allows chemical reactions of cell to take place here as well as cell
growth/division and keeps all organelles situated. This allows the cell to grow
and expand.
● Cell membrane- Is selectively permeable and regulates the movement of
substances in and out of the cell removing unwanted substances and waste
products. This allows the cell to remove waste products that are not useful and
beneficial to the cell and take in substances that are useful to allow it to
survive and provide the required nutrients and ions needed for growth and cell
maintenance.
● Flagellum- allows the cell to travel and move, plays an important role in
functioning as a sensory organelle detecting sudden and small changes in
chemicals and temperature. This allows the cell to be aware of its
surroundings and its environment so it can escape from potential danger that
may be a threat, e.g. the presence of white blood cells that are secreting anti
toxins or if the temperature of the environment is too high.
● Pilli- Pilli are proteins that allow the exchange of DNA between other
bacteria and also the exchange of genes, they also are beneficial for
attachment to surfaces
● Nucleoid- Stores strands of circular DNA with possible traces of RiboNucleic
Acid (RNA) enzymes as well as proteins which can be used to fuel the cells
cellular processes
● Plasmid- these carry extra DNA molecules which provide the cell with
genetic advantages e.g. being immune to antibiotics and therefore being
antibiotic resistant
● Capsule- provides protection from engulfment and ingestion of white blood
cells, its surface is slippery enabling the bacterium to escape ingestion by
phagocytic cells
● Cell wall- Maintains original shape and stops the cell from bursting
,WHOLE OF ASSIGNMENT 1 UNIT 12 AWARDED DISTINCTION
Life Cycle of Bacteria
Bacteria all undergo a life cycle in order to expand in number and increase in size.
Life cycle
● The bacteria take in nutrients and produce toxic waste (toxins) damaging cells in the
body and releasing into the blood affecting the cells in the blood
● They replicate their DNA and other organelles such as ribosomes and plasmids which
causes them to increase in size
● Once organelles and DNA are replicated, identical bacteria are formed
● The cycle continues from the beginning are repeats
Class notes (2020) - September 15 2020
How is cholera contracted and transmitted?
Contraction
● The pathogen Vibrio cholerae from the feces of an individual from diarrhea may get
onto their hands if they have not washed them. When they touch food which another
individual eats, the pathogen will be transmitted on the surface of the food which then
will enter through the mouth when it is consumed. The pathogen will be given access
to the body and start to invade bodily cells and organs such as cells that line the small
intestine. The pathogen will damage the wall of the small intestine and this will cause
the individual to develop diarrhea.
● If the infected individual vomits onto a surface which has not been thoroughly
cleaned and then someone else touches it with their hand and then later touches their
face. This again will give the pathogen, vibrio cholerae, access to open cavities on the
face such as the mouth nose or potentially eyes.
● Feces of infected individual which is dumped into a lake or river in which someone
else drinks from
● Consuming food/water infected with vibrio cholerae from a person who has already
been infected.
Transmission
● Contaminated food or water
● Water containing vibrio cholera pathogens
, WHOLE OF ASSIGNMENT 1 UNIT 12 AWARDED DISTINCTION
Characteristics of Bacteria
● Bacteria are prokaryotic cells and are unicellular organisms with no nucleus
● Bacteria produce rapidly and double every 20 minutes
● They produce toxins in small intestine and other bodily organs and cells making you
feel ill
● Bacteria are both endo and ecto parasites as they infect both the outside and inside of
the body. Endoparasites function inside the body whilst ecto parasites function outside
the body.
Virus cell (Measles Virus)
Functions:
Assignment A - Part 1 (Pass 1)
Bacterial Cell
,WHOLE OF ASSIGNMENT 1 UNIT 12 AWARDED DISTINCTION
Functions:
● Cytoplasm- allows chemical reactions of cell to take place here as well as cell
growth/division and keeps all organelles situated. This allows the cell to grow
and expand.
● Cell membrane- Is selectively permeable and regulates the movement of
substances in and out of the cell removing unwanted substances and waste
products. This allows the cell to remove waste products that are not useful and
beneficial to the cell and take in substances that are useful to allow it to
survive and provide the required nutrients and ions needed for growth and cell
maintenance.
● Flagellum- allows the cell to travel and move, plays an important role in
functioning as a sensory organelle detecting sudden and small changes in
chemicals and temperature. This allows the cell to be aware of its
surroundings and its environment so it can escape from potential danger that
may be a threat, e.g. the presence of white blood cells that are secreting anti
toxins or if the temperature of the environment is too high.
● Pilli- Pilli are proteins that allow the exchange of DNA between other
bacteria and also the exchange of genes, they also are beneficial for
attachment to surfaces
● Nucleoid- Stores strands of circular DNA with possible traces of RiboNucleic
Acid (RNA) enzymes as well as proteins which can be used to fuel the cells
cellular processes
● Plasmid- these carry extra DNA molecules which provide the cell with
genetic advantages e.g. being immune to antibiotics and therefore being
antibiotic resistant
● Capsule- provides protection from engulfment and ingestion of white blood
cells, its surface is slippery enabling the bacterium to escape ingestion by
phagocytic cells
● Cell wall- Maintains original shape and stops the cell from bursting
,WHOLE OF ASSIGNMENT 1 UNIT 12 AWARDED DISTINCTION
Life Cycle of Bacteria
Bacteria all undergo a life cycle in order to expand in number and increase in size.
Life cycle
● The bacteria take in nutrients and produce toxic waste (toxins) damaging cells in the
body and releasing into the blood affecting the cells in the blood
● They replicate their DNA and other organelles such as ribosomes and plasmids which
causes them to increase in size
● Once organelles and DNA are replicated, identical bacteria are formed
● The cycle continues from the beginning are repeats
Class notes (2020) - September 15 2020
How is cholera contracted and transmitted?
Contraction
● The pathogen Vibrio cholerae from the feces of an individual from diarrhea may get
onto their hands if they have not washed them. When they touch food which another
individual eats, the pathogen will be transmitted on the surface of the food which then
will enter through the mouth when it is consumed. The pathogen will be given access
to the body and start to invade bodily cells and organs such as cells that line the small
intestine. The pathogen will damage the wall of the small intestine and this will cause
the individual to develop diarrhea.
● If the infected individual vomits onto a surface which has not been thoroughly
cleaned and then someone else touches it with their hand and then later touches their
face. This again will give the pathogen, vibrio cholerae, access to open cavities on the
face such as the mouth nose or potentially eyes.
● Feces of infected individual which is dumped into a lake or river in which someone
else drinks from
● Consuming food/water infected with vibrio cholerae from a person who has already
been infected.
Transmission
● Contaminated food or water
● Water containing vibrio cholera pathogens
, WHOLE OF ASSIGNMENT 1 UNIT 12 AWARDED DISTINCTION
Characteristics of Bacteria
● Bacteria are prokaryotic cells and are unicellular organisms with no nucleus
● Bacteria produce rapidly and double every 20 minutes
● They produce toxins in small intestine and other bodily organs and cells making you
feel ill
● Bacteria are both endo and ecto parasites as they infect both the outside and inside of
the body. Endoparasites function inside the body whilst ecto parasites function outside
the body.
Virus cell (Measles Virus)
Functions:
