Theme 10: Motivation in learning and teaching
1) Briefly describe the following concepts:
1. Locus of causality
i. The location internal or external- of the cause of behaviour.
2. Incentive
i. An object or event that encourages or discourages behaviour.
3. Humanistic interpretation
i. Approach to motivation that emphasizes personal freedom, choice, self-
determination, and striving for personal growth.
4. Self-Actualisation
i. Fulfilling one’s potential.
2) Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
1. Intrinsic motivation
i. Motivation associated with activities that are their own reward.
2. Extrinsic motivation
i. Motivation created by external factors such as rewards and punishments.
3) Discuss maslow’s hierarchy of needs
1. Maslow suggested that humans have a hierarchy of needs ranging from lower-level
needs for survival and safety to higher-level needs for interllectual achievement and
finally self-actualization.
2. Self-Actualization is maslow’s term for self-fulfilment, the realization of personal
potential each of the lower needs must be met before the next higher need can be
addressed. Maslow called the four lower-level needs- for survival, then safety,
followed by belonging, and then self-esteem (Deficiency needs). When these needs
are satisfied, the motivation for fulfilling them decreases he labelled the 3 higher-
level needs – intellectual achievement, then aesthetic appreciation, and finally self-
actualization (Being needs). When they are met, a person’s motivation does not
cease; instead, it increases to seek further fulfilment. Unlike the deficiency needs,
these being needs can never be completely filled.
4) Discuss the four achievement goal orientation that one finds in school
1. Mastery goals- task/learning goals
i. A personal intention to improve abilities and learn, no matter how
performance suffers.
ii. The quality of students’ engagement in the task is higher and they’re more
invested.
iii. They tend to seek challenges, persist when they encounter difficulties and
feel better about their work.
iv. They are more likely to seek appropriate help, use deeper cognitive
processing strategies, apply better study strategies and generally approach
academic tasks with confidence
2. Performance goals – Ability or ego goals (Looking good)
i. A personal attention to seem competent or perform well in the eyes of
others
1) Briefly describe the following concepts:
1. Locus of causality
i. The location internal or external- of the cause of behaviour.
2. Incentive
i. An object or event that encourages or discourages behaviour.
3. Humanistic interpretation
i. Approach to motivation that emphasizes personal freedom, choice, self-
determination, and striving for personal growth.
4. Self-Actualisation
i. Fulfilling one’s potential.
2) Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
1. Intrinsic motivation
i. Motivation associated with activities that are their own reward.
2. Extrinsic motivation
i. Motivation created by external factors such as rewards and punishments.
3) Discuss maslow’s hierarchy of needs
1. Maslow suggested that humans have a hierarchy of needs ranging from lower-level
needs for survival and safety to higher-level needs for interllectual achievement and
finally self-actualization.
2. Self-Actualization is maslow’s term for self-fulfilment, the realization of personal
potential each of the lower needs must be met before the next higher need can be
addressed. Maslow called the four lower-level needs- for survival, then safety,
followed by belonging, and then self-esteem (Deficiency needs). When these needs
are satisfied, the motivation for fulfilling them decreases he labelled the 3 higher-
level needs – intellectual achievement, then aesthetic appreciation, and finally self-
actualization (Being needs). When they are met, a person’s motivation does not
cease; instead, it increases to seek further fulfilment. Unlike the deficiency needs,
these being needs can never be completely filled.
4) Discuss the four achievement goal orientation that one finds in school
1. Mastery goals- task/learning goals
i. A personal intention to improve abilities and learn, no matter how
performance suffers.
ii. The quality of students’ engagement in the task is higher and they’re more
invested.
iii. They tend to seek challenges, persist when they encounter difficulties and
feel better about their work.
iv. They are more likely to seek appropriate help, use deeper cognitive
processing strategies, apply better study strategies and generally approach
academic tasks with confidence
2. Performance goals – Ability or ego goals (Looking good)
i. A personal attention to seem competent or perform well in the eyes of
others
