Samenvatting Anatomy section 2: Axial skeleton
H1: the head & neck
Osteology:
• Neurocranium → supports, surrounds & protects brain → 8 bones
o 1 Os occipital
o 1 Os frontale
o 2 parietal bones
o 2 sphenoid bones
o 2 temporal bones (sleep bones)
Neurocranium has different sutures (= connect bones of
skull) & fontanels (= membranous gaps that are soft, in newborns) as well
• Splanchnocranium → forms face, includes mandible, protects structures & openings
→ 11 bones
o 2 zygomatic bones
o 2 Maxilla
o 2 nasal bones
o 2 ethmoid bones (see neurocranium)
o 2 lacrimal bones
o 1 Mandible
• Cranial cavities
o Orbit → eye socket
o Cavitas nasale
o Cavitas oris
o Sinuses
Arthrology:
• Articulatio temporo-mandibularis → modified hinge (joint) that allows
o Elevation
o Depression
o Retraction
o Protraction
o Lateral movements
of the mandible
• Articulatio atlanto-occipitalis → in the back of the neck
o Anterior membrane connect & stabilizes the joint
o Posterior membrane does the same
,Myology:
• Movement of the neck (we only focus on these muscles)
• Anterior neck muscles
o Superficial muscles
▪ M sternocleidomastoideus
• Tensioning clavicles, skull base & upper
spine
• Protection deep structures
• Suspend shoulder girdle
• (lateral) flexion & rotation neck
o Intermediate muscles (layer under superficial muscles)
▪ Mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid (fct during
swallowing)
• Depression of the mandible
• Elevation of the hyoid & tongue
Suprahyoid
▪ Digastric (fct during swallowing)
• Depression of the mandible
• Elevation of the hyoid (anteriorly &
posteriorly)
▪ 4 infrahyoid muscles (fct during swallowing & speaking)
• Depression of hyoid & larynx
, ▪ Scaleni (fct in speaking)
• (Lateral) flexion of head & neck
• Elevates rib 1 & 2 during inhalation
o Deep muscles (under all the others)
▪ Longus colli
• (lateral) flexion head & neck
• Rotation toward opposite site
▪ Longus capitis
• (lateral) flexion head & neck
• Posterior neck muscles
o Superficial muscles (same fcts)
▪ M trapezius
• Extension of head
• Lateral bending of head
• Rotates head towards shoulder
▪ M splenius capitis
• Extension of head
• Lateral bending of head
• Rotates head towards shoulder
▪ M splenius cervicis
• Extension of head
• Lateral bending of head
• Rotates head towards shoulder
H1: the head & neck
Osteology:
• Neurocranium → supports, surrounds & protects brain → 8 bones
o 1 Os occipital
o 1 Os frontale
o 2 parietal bones
o 2 sphenoid bones
o 2 temporal bones (sleep bones)
Neurocranium has different sutures (= connect bones of
skull) & fontanels (= membranous gaps that are soft, in newborns) as well
• Splanchnocranium → forms face, includes mandible, protects structures & openings
→ 11 bones
o 2 zygomatic bones
o 2 Maxilla
o 2 nasal bones
o 2 ethmoid bones (see neurocranium)
o 2 lacrimal bones
o 1 Mandible
• Cranial cavities
o Orbit → eye socket
o Cavitas nasale
o Cavitas oris
o Sinuses
Arthrology:
• Articulatio temporo-mandibularis → modified hinge (joint) that allows
o Elevation
o Depression
o Retraction
o Protraction
o Lateral movements
of the mandible
• Articulatio atlanto-occipitalis → in the back of the neck
o Anterior membrane connect & stabilizes the joint
o Posterior membrane does the same
,Myology:
• Movement of the neck (we only focus on these muscles)
• Anterior neck muscles
o Superficial muscles
▪ M sternocleidomastoideus
• Tensioning clavicles, skull base & upper
spine
• Protection deep structures
• Suspend shoulder girdle
• (lateral) flexion & rotation neck
o Intermediate muscles (layer under superficial muscles)
▪ Mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid (fct during
swallowing)
• Depression of the mandible
• Elevation of the hyoid & tongue
Suprahyoid
▪ Digastric (fct during swallowing)
• Depression of the mandible
• Elevation of the hyoid (anteriorly &
posteriorly)
▪ 4 infrahyoid muscles (fct during swallowing & speaking)
• Depression of hyoid & larynx
, ▪ Scaleni (fct in speaking)
• (Lateral) flexion of head & neck
• Elevates rib 1 & 2 during inhalation
o Deep muscles (under all the others)
▪ Longus colli
• (lateral) flexion head & neck
• Rotation toward opposite site
▪ Longus capitis
• (lateral) flexion head & neck
• Posterior neck muscles
o Superficial muscles (same fcts)
▪ M trapezius
• Extension of head
• Lateral bending of head
• Rotates head towards shoulder
▪ M splenius capitis
• Extension of head
• Lateral bending of head
• Rotates head towards shoulder
▪ M splenius cervicis
• Extension of head
• Lateral bending of head
• Rotates head towards shoulder
