PHI 2000 Introduction to Ethics Final Exam Sophia Course/PHI 2000_Capella-Sophia Ethics Milestones, Latest Fall 2021 Complete Test Bank

PHI 2000 Introduction to Ethics Final Exam Sophia Course/PHI 2000_Capella-Sophia Ethics Milestones, Latest Fall 2021 Complete Test Bank-Many people confuse topics of religion, social etiquette, and law with ethical topics. Select the example related to social etiquette. · Nathan talks loudly on his cell phone while standing in line at the store. · Anthony follows the flow of traffic, even if he is exceeding the speed limit. · Marcy disapproves of working on Sundays because she was taught it was a day of rest. · Tara installs a wheelchair ramp at her business to meet government regulations. CONCEPT Ethical and Non-Ethical Topics 2 In a famous story, Robin Hood robbed rich travelers and gave the money he acquired to the poor. Robin Hood is usually seen as a good, if not noble, person. How would a deontologist evaluate Robin Hood’s action? · It is ethical because the rich had more than enough money, and the poor did not have enough. · It is ethical because Robin Hood made more people happy than he made unhappy. · It is not ethical because Robin Hood was an arrogant coward who stole from innocent people. · It is not ethical because stealing is always wrong, no matter the circumstances. CONCEPT Sources of Value in Ethical Decisions 3 Which of the following is a deductive argument? · Every time I’ve visited the farmer’s market, I’ve found heirloom tomatoes. So, this week when I go to the farmer’s market, I will find heirloom tomatoes. · It has snowed on my birthday every year since I was born. Therefore, it will snow on my birthday this year. · Traffic is very heavy today. When traffic is heavy, I take the bus to work. I will take the bus to work today. · Helen was seen exiting the alley after a robbery had taken place. It follows that Helen committed the robbery. CONCEPT Deductive and Inductive Inference 4 Which of the following is a key benefit of philosophy? · Philosophy identifies ways we can improve relationships. · Philosophy teaches us about other cultures. · Philosophy helps us understand how people behave. · Philosophy allows us to construct logical arguments. CONCEPT Benefits of Philosophy and Ethics 5 Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? · Just because there is an objective truth doesn't mean everyone automatically knows it. · If there were no universal ethical truths, it wouldn't be possible for cultures to have moral values at all. · No culture has ever willingly assimilated to another culture's beliefs and norms. · Some cultures subscribe to ethical frameworks like divine command theory rather than conventionalism. CONCEPT Problems with Conventionalism 6 Why is egoism considered a relativist theory of ethics? · Because it maintains that humans are not inherently selfish. · Because it maintains that there are universal truths most people agree on. · Because right and wrong are subject to the individual agent. · Because it maintains that what is good applies to everyone equally. CONCEPT Egoism 7 Which of the following statements about philosophy is true? · Philosophy is a way to answer questions about the physical universe without observation. · Philosophy is concerned with seeking and recognizing knowledge. · Philosophy is quite interesting, despite having little or no application in other fields. · Philosophy is obsolete due to advances in scientific inquiry. CONCEPT Introduction to Philosophy 8 Which of the following statements is true of ethics? · Ethical principles are just personal opinions. · Objectivity is vital to ethical thought. · Ethics is not subject to the same level of rigor as other philosophical pursuits. · Ethical behavior has little to do with interpersonal interaction. CONCEPT Introduction to Philosophical Ethics 9 Choose the true statement about virtue-based ethics. · According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, people can be judged by the consequences of their actions. · According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, actions are less important than the agent's moral character. · According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, actions are judged against the greater good. · According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, only the actor’s intent is considered when assigning moral value. CONCEPT Virtue-Based Ethics 10 Which of the following statements supports egoism? · Ethical standards are easily upheld when they benefit others. · The rule of law motivates actions for individuals. · A society is more just if it enforces laws for the benefit of everyone. · A flourishing society requires flourishing individuals. CONCEPT Support for Egoism 11 Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true? · Divine command theory states that what is religious is inherently good and what isn't is bad. · Divine command theory states that the ends justify the means. · Divine command theory is a basic principle of all religions. · Divine command theory states that right is right only because God says so. CONCEPT Divine Command Theory 12 Renae has three brothers. Over the course of a weekend, she observed them in different situations with the new neighbors. Her oldest brother, Nick, stepped in front of her when the neighbors’ large dog got loose and started running toward her. Her middle brother, Joe, loudly threatened the neighbors as to what would happen if they did not keep their dog chained up. Her younger brother, Scott, retreated into the house when all the shouting occurred. How might a virtue-based ethicist evaluate Nick’s action? · The action revealed that Nick has the vice of aggressiveness. · The action revealed that Nick has the virtue of courage. · The action revealed that Nick acted without thinking. · The action did not reveal a positive or negative trait. CONCEPT Advantages and Shortcomings of Virtue-Based Ethics 13 Which of the following people would be most satisfied with virtue-based ethics? · Winifred is looking for an ethical system that is based in the Ten Commandments. · Wendy is looking for an ethical framework that allows her to focus on what kind of person she is. · Wycliffe is looking for an ethical framework that evaluates actions based solely on intent. · Walt is looking for an ethical system that respects cultural differences. CONCEPT Support for Virtue-Based Ethics 14 According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act impermissible? · My intention is bad. · The act is illegal. · There is a negative outcome. · My own needs are not met. CONCEPT Commitments of Kantian Deontology 15 "Abortion is morally wrong because it is murder, and murder is forbidden in the Bible." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? · Kantian deontology · Conventionalism · Divine command theory · Virtue-based ethics CONCEPT Case Study: Abortion 16 How might a Kantian deontologist evaluate a jury voting to convict someone they know is innocent because they disagree with his political beliefs? · It is morally wrong because if their motives are obvious, it could hurt their own party's reputation just to prevent just one person from voting against them. · It is morally right because juries decide legal truth and can't be punished for any decisions they make. · It is morally right because the jurors' obligation to their party and their country are more important than one innocent man's freedom. · It is morally wrong because if all juries acted that way, the judicial system would cease to be about justice and become a vehicle for political oppression. CONCEPT Applying Kantian Deontology 17 In Kantian deontology, the __________ must be derived from reason. · command theory · utility principle · categorical imperative · formal maxim CONCEPT Kantian Deontology 18 Which of the following represents rule utilitarianism? · Raj buys a particular brand of computer because it best suits his professional needs. · Rick helps his daughter with her taxes because he thinks parents should help their children. · Rhonda drinks tea instead of coffee because she finds it more soothing. · Renee is honest with her doctor because she wants a correct diagnosis. CONCEPT Act and Rule Utilitarianism 19 Why is utilitarianism an objectivist or relativist theory? · Utilitarianism is relative because what is best for the individual may differ from societal norms. · Utilitarianism is objectivist because although people might act in different ways, they all have one goal: to maximize utility. · Utilitarianism is relative because the good is proportionate to the individual’s intention. · Utilitarianism is objectivist because all people should consider their own happiness first. CONCEPT Utilitarianism 20 The statement, "I will read a book when I get bored so as to improve my mind," is a __________. · universal law · formulation · categorical imperative · maxim CONCEPT The Formulation of Universal Law 21 Which of the following represents a challenge to the voluntarist option of divine command theory? · God has no free choice and is thus just an agent. · God's commands can anticipate any situation. · God's commands are not meant for everyone. · God's commands have no basis in reason. CONCEPT Refutations of Divine Command Theory 22 Which of the following is a philosophical question? · What is the capital of the United States? · How many people live in poverty in the world? · When was the first World Series played? · Can one sport be objectively better than another? CONCEPT Philosophical and Non-Philosophical Inquiry 23 Stephanie volunteers at an organization that collects and distributes clothing to those in need. As she is packing boxes to send overseas, she finds a donated item of clothing that perfectly suits her sense of style and would be a versatile item to add to her own wardrobe. Stephanie sets the item aside to take home with her. According to virtue-based ethics, why is Stephanie's action unethical? · Stealing is always wrong. · She is not following the instructions she was given. · Her action will deprive needy recipients of clothing. · Her action cultivates the vice of greed. CONCEPT Apply Virtue-Based Ethics 24 Which of the following statements reflects conventionalism? · Moral truths differ from culture to culture. · Moral truths do not exist. · Moral truths differ from person to person. · Moral truths are universal. CONCEPT Categorizing Ethical Theories 25 Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism? · Egoism does not allow the egoist to evaluate others based on his or her perspective. · Socially determined actions are usually more successful than self-determined actions. · Egoism is a core part of human nature, so denying it is denying someone's humanity. · Egoism maximizes each individual's pleasure, which is something everyone wants. 1 Susan is studying the morality of taking terminally ill patients off life support. After thorough research and consideration of many different views, she argues that doctors have a moral obligation to use whatever means are available to preserve a patient's life. Which step of philosophical inquiry has Susan done? · Advance a thesis and justification · Specify your question · Identify positions on the question · Evaluate positions CONCEPT The Philosophical Approach to Inquiry 2 Which of the following statements about philosophy is true? · Philosophy is concerned with seeking and recognizing knowledge. · Philosophy is a way to answer questions about the physical universe without observation. · Philosophy is quite interesting, despite having little or no application in other fields. · Philosophy is obsolete due to advances in scientific inquiry. CONCEPT Introduction to Philosophy 3 Francis believes that every person should have ambition. Which of the following actions is inconsistent with his belief? · Francis commits to learning a new skill every year. · Francis dresses for the job he wants rather than the one he has. · Francis is content to keep his dead-end job. · Francis starts a new company with two friends. CONCEPT Establishing a Consistent Value System 4 Frances, like most people in her culture, avoids making eye contact with strangers. What would a conventionalist call the action of making eye contact with strangers? · Supererogatory · Neutral · Impermissible · Obligatory CONCEPT Commitments of Conventionalism 5 How might a Kantian deontologist evaluate a jury voting to convict someone they know is innocent because they disagree with his political beliefs? · It is morally right because juries decide legal truth and can't be punished for any decisions they make. · It is morally right because the jurors' obligation to their party and their country are more important than one innocent man's freedom. · It is morally wrong because if all juries acted that way, the judicial system would cease to be about justice and become a vehicle for political oppression. · It is morally wrong because if their motives are obvious, it could hurt their own party's reputation just to prevent just one person from voting against them. CONCEPT Applying Kantian Deontology 6 Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? · Some cultures are descended from common ancestors. · Even if two cultures disagree, there can still be a right answer. · No two cultures have the same ethical framework. · Morality is objective, so there are universal ethical truths. CONCEPT Problems with Conventionalism 7 Ricardo and Monica volunteered to serve food at their church picnic during the 8-10 AM shift. At the end of their shift, they noticed that the kitchen was still pretty busy, so they continued to help through the next shift. Most people would likely say their decision is an example of a(n) __________ action. · supererogatory · neutral · obligatory · impermissible CONCEPT The Evaluation of Actions 8 Tom passed the same homeless person each day as he walked to work. The homeless person never asked for money, but one day Tom stops and hands the man a $10 bill. According to virtue-based ethics, Tom’s action is unethical if he __________. · feels satisfied that he has done a good deed · gives the man money out of a sense of superiority · tells the man how to spend the money · values the man’s life more than he values his own CONCEPT Apply Virtue-Based Ethics 9 In Kantian deontology, the categorical imperative must be derived from __________. · duty · possible consequences · reason · moral law CONCEPT Kantian Deontology 10 Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist? · "Some cultures are closer to the objective truth than others." · "Cultures don't differ much in what they call good." · "There are no moral truths that apply universally." · "Some things are always wrong no matter the culture." CONCEPT Conventionalism 11 Henry vandalizes a local school on a friendly dare. How would a utilitarian classify this action? · Supererogatory · Impermissible · Obligatory · Neutral CONCEPT Commitments of Utilitarianism 12 Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory? · God says to keep the Sabbath holy, so many people don't have to work on the weekend. · God says, "Woe to those who are rich," but many people strive for wealth. · God forbids divorce, so my wife and I didn't make a prenuptial agreement. · God forbids the worship of idols, so I only worship him. CONCEPT Applying Divine Command Theory 13 Which of the following is a key benefit of philosophy? · Philosophy allows us to construct logical arguments. · Philosophy identifies ways we can improve relationships. · Philosophy teaches us about other cultures. · Philosophy helps us understand how people behave. CONCEPT Benefits of Philosophy and Ethics 14 Which of the following represents a challenge to the voluntarist option of divine command theory? · God has no free choice and is thus just an agent. · God's commands have no basis in reason. · God's commands can anticipate any situation. · God's commands are not meant for everyone. CONCEPT Refutations of Divine Command Theory 15 Theo is running for political office. It is a well-known fact that Theo is corrupt— he intends to use his office for his own personal and financial gain, to the detriment of the communities he serves. Yet polls show that he has a considerable lead over his opponents because he can afford aggressive advertising. A group of citizens decides to take matters into its own hands by blackmailing Theo so he will drop out of the election. Most people would agree that this action is immoral. How might it be evaluated by a utilitarian? · Blackmailing Theo is morally wrong because blackmail is always wrong, even if you don’t agree with someone’s values. · Blackmailing Theo is morally right because most citizens do not want him as their leader, even if they have fallen for his advertising. · Blackmailing Theo is morally right because the communities he serves will ultimately be happier with a leader who is not corrupt. · Blackmailing Theo is morally wrong because it’s still possible that he won’t win the election, or that checks and balances will keep him from having too negative an impact. CONCEPT Applying Utilitarianism 16 "Treating animals inhumanely is morally wrong because it shows insensitivity on the part of the farmer." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? · Virtue-based ethics · Kantian deontology · Utilitarianism · Egoism CONCEPT Case Study: Animal Rights 17 Which of the following statements reflects subjectivism? · Dennis says that morality is a personal choice. · Dennis says that morality is dictated by a person's culture. · Dennis says that morality depends on the situation. · Dennis says that morality is universal. CONCEPT Categorizing Ethical Theories 18 Which of the following statements is true of ethics? · The goal of ethics is to search for truths in order to be a better person. · Ethics is about doing whatever it takes to get ahead. · Ethics is only important in the workplace. · Right and wrong are purely subjective. CONCEPT Introduction to Philosophical Ethics 19 An argument is strong and the conclusion is true, but both premises are false. Which of the following terms best describes the argument? · Sound · Cogent · Unsound · Uncogent CONCEPT Evaluating an Argument 20 Which of the following scenarios would be obligatory for an egoist? · Madison brings a wallet she found on the ground to the police station rather than keeping it for herself. · Michelle lets her husband decide what to eat since she's fine either way. · Rather than take his dream vacation, Milo serves as a foster parent so children can have a stable home. · Malachi sees an opportunity to cheat and get ahead at work, so he takes it. CONCEPT Commitments of Egoism 21 Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology? · Felicity is looking for an ethical framework that is based on accepted societal norms. · Ferdinand is looking for an ethical framework that uses the Bible as a basis for morality. · Frannie is looking for an ethical framework that can evaluate actions beyond just their effects. · Ford is looking for an ethical framework where he can look out for his own wants and needs. CONCEPT Support for Kantian Deontology 22 What is meant by the formulation of humanity? · We shouldn't act in a way that has any harm to society. · Anything agreed on by all humanity is true. · Other people must be treated as ends, not only as means. · We should respect other peoples' points of view. CONCEPT The Formulation of Humanity 23 Which of the following critiques represents a challenge to virtue-based ethics? · Some things seem like virtues, but are actually just feelings. · Self-improvement needs more emphasis. · There are no norms for guiding the interactions between separate cultures. · Consequences of actions get too much attention, and intent doesn't get enough. CONCEPT Problems with Virtue-Based Ethics 24 Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias? · "I'm voting for Measure 5642 because it will give my family a tax break." · "I'm voting for Measure 5642 because it will balance the city's budget." · "I'm voting for Measure 5642 because it will improve our schools." · "I'm voting for Measure 5642 because it will create new jobs." CONCEPT The Effect of Bias in Moral Decision Making 25 Marcus hurries past a mugging because he doesn't want to get involved. How might a virtue-based ethicist classify this action? · Impermissible · Neutral · Obligatory · Supererogatory CONCEPT Commitments of Virtue-Based Ethics Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory? · God commands that certain crimes be punished by death, but many people oppose capital punishment. · · God forbade eating pork in the Torah, but in the book of Acts, he got rid of that prohibition. · · God forbids lying, but I lie in pretty much every other sentence I say. · · God commands that we forgive everyone, so I told my brother that I still love him after he broke my car window. · 1 "Capital punishment is morally wrong because killing people is always wrong, no matter what." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? · Virtue-based ethics · Kantian deontology · Divine command theory · Conventionalism CONCEPT Case Study: Capital Punishment 2 Which of the following critiques represents a challenge to virtue-based ethics? · Some things seem like virtues, but are actually just feelings. · There are no norms for guiding the interactions between separate cultures. · Self-improvement needs more emphasis. · Consequences of actions get too much attention, and intent doesn't get enough. CONCEPT Problems with Virtue-Based Ethics 3 Marcus hurries past a mugging because he doesn't want to get involved. How might a virtue-based ethicist classify this action? · Supererogatory · Neutral · Obligatory · Impermissible CONCEPT Commitments of Virtue-Based Ethics 4 Ellie believes that every person should show compassion at all times. Which of the following actions is inconsistent with her belief? · Ellie organizes a new charity that helps the needy develop skills and find jobs. · Ellie spends four hours every month at a nursing home with people whose children don't visit. · Ellie calls the police on a homeless person who's sleeping too close to her storefront. · Ellie works as a public defender so that she can have a positive impact on the lives of people who get into trouble. CONCEPT Establishing a Consistent Value System 5 Choose the true statement about virtue-based ethics. · According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, rules are used to evaluate actions. · According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, character is more important than actions. · According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, right and wrong are assessed using culture as a guide. · According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, the consequences of actions are very important. CONCEPT Virtue-Based Ethics 6 Which of the following people would be most satisfied with virtue-based ethics? · Abner is looking for an ethical system that is about more than just doing good. · Adelaide is looking for an ethical system that evaluates actions based on their effects. · Andrew is looking for an ethical system that puts his own development first. · Abby is looking for an ethical system that is based in cultural norms. CONCEPT Support for Virtue-Based Ethics 7 "Abortion is acceptable if the woman doesn't want to be a mother." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? · Utilitarianism · Conventionalism · Kantian deontology · Egoism CONCEPT Case Study: Abortion 8 Tom passed the same homeless person each day as he walked to work. The homeless person never asked for money, but one day Tom stops and hands the man a $10 bill. According to virtue-based ethics, Tom’s action is unethical if he __________. · gives the man money out of a sense of superiority · feels satisfied that he has done a good deed · values the man’s life more than he values his own · tells the man how to spend the money CONCEPT Apply Virtue-Based Ethics 9 Marcy and Wayne watched from a window as a car without a handicap parking sticker parked in the reserved spot in front of their office building. A woman jumped out and ran into the building. “I’m going to report that to the front desk,” announced Marcy indignantly. “Relax,” said Wayne. “If she’s fast and doesn’t get caught, what’s the harm?” Wayne is most likely a __________. · character ethicist · deontologist · consequentialist · divine command theorist CONCEPT Sources of Value in Ethical Decisions 10 Select the statement that reveals personal interest as a source of bias in ethical evaluation. · The clothing that Middle Eastern women wear is oppressive because it is different from Western clothing. · I think anyone should get a tattoo if they want to because many of my family members have tattoos. · Same-sex marriage makes me uncomfortable because I do not know any same-sex couples. · I call myself a liberal, but I vote for a conservative candidate when his or her policies will benefit me financially. CONCEPT Sources of Bias in Ethical Decisions 11 The ethical position that evaluates the morality of an action solely on the results of that action is __________. · deontology · character ethics · divine command theory · consequentialism CONCEPT Different Considerations for Evaluating Actions 12 Which action, while seemingly good, may reveal a vice rather than a virtue? · Glenn shows up for work every day, even when he's had trouble sleeping the night before. · Sasha cooperates with a colleague she does not like to complete an important project. · Carol gives a homeless man $10 to move away from her office building. · Abraham does not like classical music, but he still takes his mother to the symphony. CONCEPT Advantages and Shortcomings of Virtue-Based Ethics 13 "Giving away excess wealth is obligatory because it brings about a greater good for all of society." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? · Divine command theory · Virtue-based ethics · Conventionalism · Utilitarianism CONCEPT Case Study: Wealth Distribution 14 Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias? · "I'm voting for Measure 5642 because it will create new jobs." · "I'm voting for Measure 5642 because it will balance the city's budget." · "I'm voting for Measure 5642 because it will improve our schools." · "I'm voting for Measure 5642 because it will give my family a tax break." CONCEPT The Effect of Bias in Moral Decision Making 15 "Eating pork is morally wrong because the Torah forbids it." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? · Virtue-based ethics · Kantian deontology · Conventionalism · Divine command theory 1 Which of the following critiques represents a challenge to virtue-based ethics? · Everyone isn't governed by the same moral norms. · Two people might disagree on whether something is a virtue. · Not enough attention is given to self-improvement. · An agent's ignorance makes it too easy to get away with bad results. CONCEPT Problems with Virtue-Based Ethics 2 Which of the following people would be most satisfied with virtue-based ethics? · Benedict is looking for an ethical system that evaluates actions primarily by the agent's intent. · Brittney is looking for an ethical system that evaluates actions based on the good they bring about. · Bette is looking for an ethical system that values fostering personal improvement. · Bruce is looking for an ethical system that focuses on what's best for him alone. CONCEPT Support for Virtue-Based Ethics 3 "Abortion is acceptable if the woman doesn't want to be a mother." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? · Egoism · Kantian deontology · Utilitarianism · Conventionalism CONCEPT Case Study: Abortion 4 Choose the statement that exemplifies consequentialism. · Lying is impermissible because society demands honesty. · Lying is impermissible because it is intrinsically wrong. · Lying is impermissible because it causes others to mistrust you. · Lying is impermissible because it reveals a dishonest nature. CONCEPT Sources of Value in Ethical Decisions 5 Ogo always gets pepperoni and black olives on his pizza. How might a virtue-based ethicist classify this action? · Supererogatory · Impermissible · Obligatory · Neutral CONCEPT Commitments of Virtue-Based Ethics 6 Which of the following best defines virtue-based ethics? · An ethical theory that asserts that self-oriented interests motivate human actions · An ethical theory that determines moral value by weighing the consequences of actions · An ethical theory that emphasizes the role of character rather than actions · An ethical theory that deems that an action is morally right if the action results in happiness CONCEPT Virtue-Based Ethics 7 Ellie believes that every person should show compassion at all times. Which of the following actions is inconsistent with her belief? · Ellie works as a public defender so that she can have a positive impact on the lives of people who get into trouble. · Ellie organizes a new charity that helps the needy develop skills and find jobs. · Ellie calls the police on a homeless person who's sleeping too close to her storefront. · Ellie spends four hours every month at a nursing home with people whose children don't visit. CONCEPT Establishing a Consistent Value System 8 "Eating pork is morally wrong because the Torah forbids it." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? · Divine command theory · Conventionalism · Kantian deontology · Virtue-based ethics CONCEPT Case Study: Animal Rights 9 Select the basis for moral value used by character ethics. · The inherent value of an action based upon intent · The individual trait being demonstrated by an action · The adherence of an action to divine authority · The ultimate effects of an action CONCEPT Different Considerations for Evaluating Actions 10 Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias? · "I gave Timmy extra credit because he's my favorite student." · "I gave Timmy extra credit because he did an additional project." · "I gave Timmy extra credit because he works harder than his classmates." · "I gave Timmy extra credit because he went above and beyond on the assignment." CONCEPT The Effect of Bias in Moral Decision Making 11 "Capital punishment is morally wrong because it turns all the state's citizens into killers." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? · Kantian deontology · Virtue-based ethics · Utilitarianism · Conventionalism CONCEPT Case Study: Capital Punishment 12 Which action demonstrates a shortcoming of virtue-based ethics? · Donating to a charity out of a sense of superiority and ego · Lying so that a coworker will lose his job · Refusing to engage in gossip out of a sense of respect for others’ privacy · Participating in an anti-war protest due to personal convictions about the morality of war CONCEPT Advantages and Shortcomings of Virtue-Based Ethics 13 "I always say everyone shouldn't be afraid to try new things. On a recent trip to Spain, I ate all my meals at my favorite place— McDonald's." Which of the following sources of bias is apparent in this quotation? · Self-interest · Upbringing · Religion · Familiarity CONCEPT Sources of Bias in Ethical Decisions 14 Norma gives her elderly mother a ride to the grocery store once a week when she does her own grocery shopping. On a form at work, she lists this as a community service and hides the fact that it's her own mother she's helping because she knows her boss values volunteerism and actively encourages all employees to contribute to the community. When her boss praises her for her commitment to community service, Norma feels pleased and optimistic that she will soon get a raise. According to virtue-based ethics, why is Norma's action unethical? · Lying is always wrong. · She is prioritizing monetary gain over honesty. · She is not cultivating any virtues by helping her mother. · She is acting out of a sense of compassion and goodwill. CONCEPT Apply Virtue-Based