Ontwikkelingspsychologie; kindertijd
I. Inhoudsopgave
II. Historiek........................................................................................................................................... 7
Belangrijke namen ............................................................................................................................... 7
Vroege denkers ................................................................................................................................... 7
Start van de wetenschappelijke ontwikkelingspsychologie ................................................................ 7
III. Theoretisch perspectieven .............................................................................................................. 9
Kernvraagstukken ................................................................................................................................ 9
20ste-eeuwse theorieën ..................................................................................................................... 9
Behavioristische theorieën ............................................................................................................ 10
Cognitieve theorieën ..................................................................................................................... 10
Systemische theorieën .................................................................................................................. 12
Evolutionaire theorieën................................................................................................................. 14
Integratie (zie les 2, dia 55) ............................................................................................................. 14
Hedendaagse ontwikkelingspsychologie........................................................................................... 15
IV. Onderzoeksmethoden ................................................................................................................... 16
Correlationeel VS experimenteel ...................................................................................................... 16
Meten van ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................... 16
V. Gen-omgevingssamenspel............................................................................................................. 17
Genetische constitutie ...................................................................................................................... 17
Genetische overdracht ...................................................................................................................... 18
Aangeboren of verworven? ............................................................................................................... 19
Tweelingdesign .............................................................................................................................. 19
Adoptiedesign................................................................................................................................ 19
Gen-omgevingssamenspel ................................................................................................................ 20
GxE = gen-omgevingsinteractie ..................................................................................................... 20
rGE = gen-omgevinscorrelatie ....................................................................................................... 20
Epigenetische invloeden................................................................................................................ 21
VI. Conceptie en prenatale ontwikkeling ............................................................................................ 21
Conceptie........................................................................................................................................... 21
Stadia prenatale ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................... 21
Germinaal stadium ........................................................................................................................ 21
Embryonaal stadium...................................................................................................................... 22
1
, Foetaal stadium ............................................................................................................................. 22
Problemen in prenatale omgeving .................................................................................................... 23
Onvruchtbaarheid ......................................................................................................................... 23
Miskraam ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Abortus .......................................................................................................................................... 23
Bedreigingen in prenatale omgeving ................................................................................................ 24
Teratogene effecten ...................................................................................................................... 24
Prenataal onderzoek ......................................................................................................................... 25
VII. Geboorte........................................................................................................................................ 26
Geboorte ........................................................................................................................................... 26
Fasen in de bevalling ..................................................................................................................... 26
Complicaties ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Zuurstofgebrek .............................................................................................................................. 27
Zwangerschapsduur en geboortegewicht ..................................................................................... 27
Keizersnede ................................................................................................................................... 28
Perinataal overlijden ..................................................................................................................... 28
Postnatale psychische problemen bij moeder .............................................................................. 28
VIII. Fysieke en motorische ontwikkeling in babytijd ........................................................................... 29
Fysieke groei en hersenontwikkeling ................................................................................................ 29
Fysieke groei .................................................................................................................................. 29
Hersenontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................... 30
Integratie lichaamssysteem........................................................................................................... 31
Motorische ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 32
Reflexen ......................................................................................................................................... 32
Mijlpalen grofmotorische ontwikkeling : van liggen tot lopen ..................................................... 33
Mijlpalen fijnmotorische ontwikkeling: van grijpen tot schrijven ................................................. 33
Coördinatie van motorische vaardigheden ................................................................................... 34
Belang van voeding ........................................................................................................................... 34
IX. Perceptuele, cognitieve en taalontwikkeling ................................................................................ 35
Perceptuele ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................. 36
Visuele waarneming: ..................................................................................................................... 36
Auditieve waarneming .................................................................................................................. 38
Cognitieve ontwikkeling Piaget: sensomotorische stadium.............................................................. 40
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: informatieverwerkingsperspectief ........................................................... 43
Taalontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................... 44
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,X. Sociaal-emotionele en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling ................................................................... 48
Emotionele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 48
Emoties uitdrukken ....................................................................................................................... 48
Emoties herkennen ....................................................................................................................... 49
Emoties reguleren ......................................................................................................................... 50
Ontwikkeling van het zelf .................................................................................................................. 51
Relationele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 51
Gehechtheid .................................................................................................................................. 51
Omgaan met leeftijdsgenoten....................................................................................................... 53
Individuele verschillen ....................................................................................................................... 53
Temperament ................................................................................................................................ 53
Geslacht en gender........................................................................................................................ 54
XI. Fysieke en motorische ontwikkeling ............................................................................................. 55
Fysieke groei en hersenontwikkeling ................................................................................................ 55
Fysieke groei .................................................................................................................................. 55
Hersenontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................... 55
Motorische ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 56
Grofmotorische ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................ 56
Fijnmotorische ontwikkeling ......................................................................................................... 56
Zindelijkheid .................................................................................................................................. 57
Bedreigingen fysieke ontwikkeling .................................................................................................... 57
Slaapproblemen ............................................................................................................................ 57
Infecties ......................................................................................................................................... 57
Ongevallen ..................................................................................................................................... 57
Mishandeling en verwaarlozing .................................................................................................... 58
XII. Perceptuele, cognitieve taalontwikkeling ..................................................................................... 58
Perceptuele ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................. 58
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Piaget: pre-operationeel stadium ............................................................. 59
Beperkingen pre-operationeel denken ......................................................................................... 59
Kanttekeningen bij Piagets visie over pre-operationeel stadium ................................................. 60
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: informatieverwerkingsperspectief ........................................................... 61
Taalontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................... 62
Differentiatiefase........................................................................................................................... 62
XIII. Sociaal-emotionele en persoonlijkheidsontw. .............................................................................. 63
Emotionele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 63
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, Emoties ervaren en tonen ............................................................................................................. 63
Emoties herkennen, begrijpen en erop reageren ......................................................................... 64
Ontwikkeling van het zelf en van genderidentiteit ........................................................................... 65
Ontwikkeling van het zelf .............................................................................................................. 65
Ontwikkeling genderidentiteit ...................................................................................................... 66
Relationele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 67
Ouder-kind relatie ......................................................................................................................... 67
Relatie met leeftijdsgenoten ......................................................................................................... 68
XIV. Fysieke en motorische ontwikkeling ............................................................................................. 69
Fysieke groei ...................................................................................................................................... 69
Motorische ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 69
Bedreigingen fysieke ontwikkeling .................................................................................................... 70
Voeding.......................................................................................................................................... 70
XV. Perceptuele en cognitieve taalontwikkeling ................................................................................. 70
Perceptuele ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................. 70
Cognitieve ontwikkeling Piaget ......................................................................................................... 71
Cognitieve ontwikkeling infoverwerkingsperspectief ....................................................................... 72
Taalontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................... 73
Voltooiingsfase .............................................................................................................................. 73
Onderwijs .......................................................................................................................................... 75
XVI. Sociaal-emotionele en PH-ontwikkeling ........................................................................................ 77
Emotionele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 77
Ontwikkeling van het zelf en genderidentiteit .................................................................................. 77
Ontwikkeling van het zelf .............................................................................................................. 77
Genderidentiteit ............................................................................................................................ 78
Morele ontwikkeling ......................................................................................................................... 78
JEAN PIAGET .................................................................................................................................. 78
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG .................................................................................................................. 78
Relationele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 80
Ouder-kind relatie ......................................................................................................................... 80
Relatie met leeftijdsgenoten ......................................................................................................... 80
XVII. Fysieke en motorische ontwikkeling ............................................................................................. 82
Fysieke groei, seksuele rijping en hersenontwikkeling ..................................................................... 82
Lichamelijke veranderingen .......................................................................................................... 82
Hersenontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................... 85
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I. Inhoudsopgave
II. Historiek........................................................................................................................................... 7
Belangrijke namen ............................................................................................................................... 7
Vroege denkers ................................................................................................................................... 7
Start van de wetenschappelijke ontwikkelingspsychologie ................................................................ 7
III. Theoretisch perspectieven .............................................................................................................. 9
Kernvraagstukken ................................................................................................................................ 9
20ste-eeuwse theorieën ..................................................................................................................... 9
Behavioristische theorieën ............................................................................................................ 10
Cognitieve theorieën ..................................................................................................................... 10
Systemische theorieën .................................................................................................................. 12
Evolutionaire theorieën................................................................................................................. 14
Integratie (zie les 2, dia 55) ............................................................................................................. 14
Hedendaagse ontwikkelingspsychologie........................................................................................... 15
IV. Onderzoeksmethoden ................................................................................................................... 16
Correlationeel VS experimenteel ...................................................................................................... 16
Meten van ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................... 16
V. Gen-omgevingssamenspel............................................................................................................. 17
Genetische constitutie ...................................................................................................................... 17
Genetische overdracht ...................................................................................................................... 18
Aangeboren of verworven? ............................................................................................................... 19
Tweelingdesign .............................................................................................................................. 19
Adoptiedesign................................................................................................................................ 19
Gen-omgevingssamenspel ................................................................................................................ 20
GxE = gen-omgevingsinteractie ..................................................................................................... 20
rGE = gen-omgevinscorrelatie ....................................................................................................... 20
Epigenetische invloeden................................................................................................................ 21
VI. Conceptie en prenatale ontwikkeling ............................................................................................ 21
Conceptie........................................................................................................................................... 21
Stadia prenatale ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................... 21
Germinaal stadium ........................................................................................................................ 21
Embryonaal stadium...................................................................................................................... 22
1
, Foetaal stadium ............................................................................................................................. 22
Problemen in prenatale omgeving .................................................................................................... 23
Onvruchtbaarheid ......................................................................................................................... 23
Miskraam ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Abortus .......................................................................................................................................... 23
Bedreigingen in prenatale omgeving ................................................................................................ 24
Teratogene effecten ...................................................................................................................... 24
Prenataal onderzoek ......................................................................................................................... 25
VII. Geboorte........................................................................................................................................ 26
Geboorte ........................................................................................................................................... 26
Fasen in de bevalling ..................................................................................................................... 26
Complicaties ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Zuurstofgebrek .............................................................................................................................. 27
Zwangerschapsduur en geboortegewicht ..................................................................................... 27
Keizersnede ................................................................................................................................... 28
Perinataal overlijden ..................................................................................................................... 28
Postnatale psychische problemen bij moeder .............................................................................. 28
VIII. Fysieke en motorische ontwikkeling in babytijd ........................................................................... 29
Fysieke groei en hersenontwikkeling ................................................................................................ 29
Fysieke groei .................................................................................................................................. 29
Hersenontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................... 30
Integratie lichaamssysteem........................................................................................................... 31
Motorische ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 32
Reflexen ......................................................................................................................................... 32
Mijlpalen grofmotorische ontwikkeling : van liggen tot lopen ..................................................... 33
Mijlpalen fijnmotorische ontwikkeling: van grijpen tot schrijven ................................................. 33
Coördinatie van motorische vaardigheden ................................................................................... 34
Belang van voeding ........................................................................................................................... 34
IX. Perceptuele, cognitieve en taalontwikkeling ................................................................................ 35
Perceptuele ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................. 36
Visuele waarneming: ..................................................................................................................... 36
Auditieve waarneming .................................................................................................................. 38
Cognitieve ontwikkeling Piaget: sensomotorische stadium.............................................................. 40
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: informatieverwerkingsperspectief ........................................................... 43
Taalontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................... 44
2
,X. Sociaal-emotionele en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling ................................................................... 48
Emotionele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 48
Emoties uitdrukken ....................................................................................................................... 48
Emoties herkennen ....................................................................................................................... 49
Emoties reguleren ......................................................................................................................... 50
Ontwikkeling van het zelf .................................................................................................................. 51
Relationele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 51
Gehechtheid .................................................................................................................................. 51
Omgaan met leeftijdsgenoten....................................................................................................... 53
Individuele verschillen ....................................................................................................................... 53
Temperament ................................................................................................................................ 53
Geslacht en gender........................................................................................................................ 54
XI. Fysieke en motorische ontwikkeling ............................................................................................. 55
Fysieke groei en hersenontwikkeling ................................................................................................ 55
Fysieke groei .................................................................................................................................. 55
Hersenontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................... 55
Motorische ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 56
Grofmotorische ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................ 56
Fijnmotorische ontwikkeling ......................................................................................................... 56
Zindelijkheid .................................................................................................................................. 57
Bedreigingen fysieke ontwikkeling .................................................................................................... 57
Slaapproblemen ............................................................................................................................ 57
Infecties ......................................................................................................................................... 57
Ongevallen ..................................................................................................................................... 57
Mishandeling en verwaarlozing .................................................................................................... 58
XII. Perceptuele, cognitieve taalontwikkeling ..................................................................................... 58
Perceptuele ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................. 58
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Piaget: pre-operationeel stadium ............................................................. 59
Beperkingen pre-operationeel denken ......................................................................................... 59
Kanttekeningen bij Piagets visie over pre-operationeel stadium ................................................. 60
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: informatieverwerkingsperspectief ........................................................... 61
Taalontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................... 62
Differentiatiefase........................................................................................................................... 62
XIII. Sociaal-emotionele en persoonlijkheidsontw. .............................................................................. 63
Emotionele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 63
3
, Emoties ervaren en tonen ............................................................................................................. 63
Emoties herkennen, begrijpen en erop reageren ......................................................................... 64
Ontwikkeling van het zelf en van genderidentiteit ........................................................................... 65
Ontwikkeling van het zelf .............................................................................................................. 65
Ontwikkeling genderidentiteit ...................................................................................................... 66
Relationele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 67
Ouder-kind relatie ......................................................................................................................... 67
Relatie met leeftijdsgenoten ......................................................................................................... 68
XIV. Fysieke en motorische ontwikkeling ............................................................................................. 69
Fysieke groei ...................................................................................................................................... 69
Motorische ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 69
Bedreigingen fysieke ontwikkeling .................................................................................................... 70
Voeding.......................................................................................................................................... 70
XV. Perceptuele en cognitieve taalontwikkeling ................................................................................. 70
Perceptuele ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................. 70
Cognitieve ontwikkeling Piaget ......................................................................................................... 71
Cognitieve ontwikkeling infoverwerkingsperspectief ....................................................................... 72
Taalontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................... 73
Voltooiingsfase .............................................................................................................................. 73
Onderwijs .......................................................................................................................................... 75
XVI. Sociaal-emotionele en PH-ontwikkeling ........................................................................................ 77
Emotionele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 77
Ontwikkeling van het zelf en genderidentiteit .................................................................................. 77
Ontwikkeling van het zelf .............................................................................................................. 77
Genderidentiteit ............................................................................................................................ 78
Morele ontwikkeling ......................................................................................................................... 78
JEAN PIAGET .................................................................................................................................. 78
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG .................................................................................................................. 78
Relationele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................... 80
Ouder-kind relatie ......................................................................................................................... 80
Relatie met leeftijdsgenoten ......................................................................................................... 80
XVII. Fysieke en motorische ontwikkeling ............................................................................................. 82
Fysieke groei, seksuele rijping en hersenontwikkeling ..................................................................... 82
Lichamelijke veranderingen .......................................................................................................... 82
Hersenontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................... 85
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