Biology Major Field Test Study Guide
1. Adaptive vs. Innate Immune Response: Adaptive - "specific response"
Has immunological memory Later response
(3-7 days) Uses B and T cells
Effectiveness increases with exposure
Innate-
"nonspecific response" 1st line of
defense Response within 12 hours
Lacks immunological memory
2. Mutualism: Benefit to both partners Normally
partners cannot live separately
3. Cooperation: A beneficial but not obligate form of symbiosis
4. Commensalism: One partner benefits, the other is neither helped or harmed
5. Ammensalism: The negative impact of one organism on another due to release of specific compounds
6. If a pathogen can be
transmitted via direct contact it is virulent compare to
another pathogen that is vector-borne.: Less virulent
7. Toxin: Specific substance that alters the normal metabolism of the host cell
8. Autotrophs: Carbon source from atmospheric CO2
9. Heterotrophs: Carbon source from organic compounds
10. Phototrophs: Energy source is light
11. Chemotrophs: Energy source is from oxidation of chemical compounds
12. Lithotrophs: Electron source from reduction of inorganic substances
13. Organotrophs: Electron source from organic compounds
,14. Passive diffusion: Movement of small molecules across a cellular membrane to go from high concentration to low with the potential graduation - no
energy required
15. Facilitated diffusion: Use of a carrier protein to assist the transportation of molecules across the cellular membrane
16. Pure culture: Assumption that all the cells grown on the plate have arose from one single ancestor cell
17. Defined Media: Media in which all components of the mix are known
18. Complex Media: Media in which all components are not known
19. Selective Media: Media favors growth of specific microorganisms
20. Differentiated Media: Media can will visually distinguish between groups of bacteria based on biological characteristics
21. Binary Fission: Reproductive strategy of most haploid bacteria/archaeal cells to create identical cells
1) cell elongates
2) replicates their chromosome
3) divides down middle with one chromosome in each new half
22. Bacterial Growth Stage 1: Lag Phase: Time after the new introduction of bacteria on a new medium with no growth
23. Bacterial Growth Stage 2: Exponential Phase: Microbes are now growing at a constant rate at maximum dividing rates
24. Bacterial Growth Stage 3: Stationary Phase: Population growth ceases and the growth curve levels ott
25. Bacterial Growth Stage 4: Death Phase: Decrease in viable microorganisms due to depletion of sources (media, oxygen, food)
26. Acidophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between a pH of 0.0-5.5
Fungi & Algae
27. Neutrophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between a pH of 5.5 - 8.0
Most bacteria
28. Alkalophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between 8.5-11.5
29. Buffers: Prevent drastic pH changes
,Normally a phosphate
30. Psychophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at low temperatures (0-20C)
31. Mesophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures between 15-45C
32. Thermophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures between 45-80C
33. Hyperthermophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures between 80-113C
34. Aerobes: Organisms that are capable of living in the presence of O2
35. Anaerobes: Organisms that are capable of living in the absence of O2
36. Obligate Aerobes: Organisms that can only grow in the presence of O2
37. Obligate Anaerobes: Organisms that can only grow in the absence of O2
38. Facultative Anaerobes: Organisms that do not require the presence of O2 to grow but grow best in its presence
39. Aero-tolerant: Organisms that are indifferent to the levels of O2
40. Biofilms: Communities of microorganisms that cling together to a surface to provide community protection against drugs and antibiotics
41. Quorum Sensing: Method of density-dependent bacterial cell communication
42. Fungi Characteristics: Spore-bearing
Eukaryotic
Lack chlorophyll Reproduce
a/sexually
Primarily terrestrial - yeasts, molds, mushrooms
43. Fungi - Thallus: Body/vegetative structure
44. Fungi - Hyphae: A long, branched, thread-like filament of cells needed growth due to increased turgor pressure against hyphae cell membranes
45. Spore: Reproductive structure adapted for dispersal and survival in unfavorable conditions
46. Mycorrhizal symbionts: Form mutualistic relationships with the root systems of plants by providing access to phosphorus
47. Protist Characteristics: -Eukaryotic
-Lack unified tissue organization
, -Single celled
-A/Sexual reproductive phases
-Cytoplasm
-Vacuoloes
-Mitochondria(-like) structure
-Cilia/Flagella
48. Protozoa: Chemoheterotrophic protists
49. Algae: Photoautotrophic protists
50. Bacteria shape: cocci: spherically shaped
51. Bacteria shape: bacilli: rod-shaped
52. Bacteria shaped: spirochetes/spirilla: Spiral shaped
53. Bacteria Cell Organization: -Plasma membrane
-Ribosomes
-Inclusion bodies
-Nucleoid
-Cell wall
-Capsule
-Periplasmic space
-Pili
-Flagella
54. Bacteria cell inclusion bodies: storage of carbon, phosphate, and other materials
55. Bacteria cell periplasmic space: contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake
56. Ribosome sites and centers:A site, P site, E site, and peptidyltransferase center: A site: Aminoacyl site - site
in the ribosome that BINDS the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA (anticodon)
P site: Peptidyl site - site in the ribosome to which a rRA with a growing polypeptide chain is bound E site: exit site - site on the ribosome where
the deacylated tRNA is found
1. Adaptive vs. Innate Immune Response: Adaptive - "specific response"
Has immunological memory Later response
(3-7 days) Uses B and T cells
Effectiveness increases with exposure
Innate-
"nonspecific response" 1st line of
defense Response within 12 hours
Lacks immunological memory
2. Mutualism: Benefit to both partners Normally
partners cannot live separately
3. Cooperation: A beneficial but not obligate form of symbiosis
4. Commensalism: One partner benefits, the other is neither helped or harmed
5. Ammensalism: The negative impact of one organism on another due to release of specific compounds
6. If a pathogen can be
transmitted via direct contact it is virulent compare to
another pathogen that is vector-borne.: Less virulent
7. Toxin: Specific substance that alters the normal metabolism of the host cell
8. Autotrophs: Carbon source from atmospheric CO2
9. Heterotrophs: Carbon source from organic compounds
10. Phototrophs: Energy source is light
11. Chemotrophs: Energy source is from oxidation of chemical compounds
12. Lithotrophs: Electron source from reduction of inorganic substances
13. Organotrophs: Electron source from organic compounds
,14. Passive diffusion: Movement of small molecules across a cellular membrane to go from high concentration to low with the potential graduation - no
energy required
15. Facilitated diffusion: Use of a carrier protein to assist the transportation of molecules across the cellular membrane
16. Pure culture: Assumption that all the cells grown on the plate have arose from one single ancestor cell
17. Defined Media: Media in which all components of the mix are known
18. Complex Media: Media in which all components are not known
19. Selective Media: Media favors growth of specific microorganisms
20. Differentiated Media: Media can will visually distinguish between groups of bacteria based on biological characteristics
21. Binary Fission: Reproductive strategy of most haploid bacteria/archaeal cells to create identical cells
1) cell elongates
2) replicates their chromosome
3) divides down middle with one chromosome in each new half
22. Bacterial Growth Stage 1: Lag Phase: Time after the new introduction of bacteria on a new medium with no growth
23. Bacterial Growth Stage 2: Exponential Phase: Microbes are now growing at a constant rate at maximum dividing rates
24. Bacterial Growth Stage 3: Stationary Phase: Population growth ceases and the growth curve levels ott
25. Bacterial Growth Stage 4: Death Phase: Decrease in viable microorganisms due to depletion of sources (media, oxygen, food)
26. Acidophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between a pH of 0.0-5.5
Fungi & Algae
27. Neutrophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between a pH of 5.5 - 8.0
Most bacteria
28. Alkalophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between 8.5-11.5
29. Buffers: Prevent drastic pH changes
,Normally a phosphate
30. Psychophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at low temperatures (0-20C)
31. Mesophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures between 15-45C
32. Thermophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures between 45-80C
33. Hyperthermophiles: Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures between 80-113C
34. Aerobes: Organisms that are capable of living in the presence of O2
35. Anaerobes: Organisms that are capable of living in the absence of O2
36. Obligate Aerobes: Organisms that can only grow in the presence of O2
37. Obligate Anaerobes: Organisms that can only grow in the absence of O2
38. Facultative Anaerobes: Organisms that do not require the presence of O2 to grow but grow best in its presence
39. Aero-tolerant: Organisms that are indifferent to the levels of O2
40. Biofilms: Communities of microorganisms that cling together to a surface to provide community protection against drugs and antibiotics
41. Quorum Sensing: Method of density-dependent bacterial cell communication
42. Fungi Characteristics: Spore-bearing
Eukaryotic
Lack chlorophyll Reproduce
a/sexually
Primarily terrestrial - yeasts, molds, mushrooms
43. Fungi - Thallus: Body/vegetative structure
44. Fungi - Hyphae: A long, branched, thread-like filament of cells needed growth due to increased turgor pressure against hyphae cell membranes
45. Spore: Reproductive structure adapted for dispersal and survival in unfavorable conditions
46. Mycorrhizal symbionts: Form mutualistic relationships with the root systems of plants by providing access to phosphorus
47. Protist Characteristics: -Eukaryotic
-Lack unified tissue organization
, -Single celled
-A/Sexual reproductive phases
-Cytoplasm
-Vacuoloes
-Mitochondria(-like) structure
-Cilia/Flagella
48. Protozoa: Chemoheterotrophic protists
49. Algae: Photoautotrophic protists
50. Bacteria shape: cocci: spherically shaped
51. Bacteria shape: bacilli: rod-shaped
52. Bacteria shaped: spirochetes/spirilla: Spiral shaped
53. Bacteria Cell Organization: -Plasma membrane
-Ribosomes
-Inclusion bodies
-Nucleoid
-Cell wall
-Capsule
-Periplasmic space
-Pili
-Flagella
54. Bacteria cell inclusion bodies: storage of carbon, phosphate, and other materials
55. Bacteria cell periplasmic space: contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake
56. Ribosome sites and centers:A site, P site, E site, and peptidyltransferase center: A site: Aminoacyl site - site
in the ribosome that BINDS the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA (anticodon)
P site: Peptidyl site - site in the ribosome to which a rRA with a growing polypeptide chain is bound E site: exit site - site on the ribosome where
the deacylated tRNA is found
