Reproduction &
Development
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY 12 DATE: 12/21/2025
,Subtopic Examinable How Often Common Overall
Subtopics Tested Student Importance
(What they Misunderstandi (Rank)
test) ngs
Hormonal GnRH–FSH–LH Very High Confusing LH 1 – Critical
Regulation pathways; vs FSH roles;
(Male & negative forgetting
Female) feedback; negative
inhibin; feedback
testosterone vs direction;
estrogen/prog mixing male
esterone; and female
pituitary vs hormone
gonads functions
Menstrual Phases (flow, Very High Thinking 2 – Critical
Cycle follicular, menstruation =
ovulation, ovulation;
luteal); misplacing
hormone estrogen/LH
changes by surge; not
day; corpus linking
luteum role; hormone levels
graphs to structures
Male Structure– High Believing 3 – Very
Reproductive function sperm mature Important
System (testes, Sertoli in testes (not
cells, epididymis);
seminiferous mixing Sertoli
tubules, vas vs interstitial
deferens); cells
spermatogene
sis
Female Structure– High Confusing 4 – Very
Reproductive function primary vs Important
System (ovaries, secondary
, fimbriae, oocyte;
uterus, misunderstandi
endometrium); ng corpus
oogenesis luteum function
Fertilization & Fertilization High Thinking 5 – Very
Early site; cleavage; fertilization Important
Development blastocyst; occurs in
implantation; uterus; not
hCG knowing hCG
source or role
Embryonic Ectoderm/mes Medium–High Mixing germ 6 – Important
Development oderm/endode layer
(Gastrulation) rm derivatives; derivatives;
timing; assuming
morphogenesis organs form
after birth
Pregnancy hCG → corpus Medium–High Believing 7 – Important
Hormones & luteum; ovaries are
Placenta placental needed entire
hormone pregnancy;
takeover; confusing
progesterone placenta vs
maintenance corpus luteum
timing
Birth Oxytocin, Medium Mixing positive 8 – Moderate
(Parturition) prostaglandins, vs negative
relaxin; positive feedback;
feedback unclear
hormone
sources
Lactation Prolactin vs Medium Thinking 9 – Moderate
oxytocin roles; prolactin
milk production causes milk
vs milk release ejection (it
doesn’t)
, Teratogens & Alcohol, Medium Assuming 10 – Moderate
FASD nicotine placenta
effects; critical blocks all
windows; toxins; missing
placenta timing
permeability sensitivity
Sex X/Y Low–Medium Thinking 11 – Lower
Determination chromosomes; chromosomes Priority
SRY gene; alone
hormonal determine
influence phenotype
Reproductive IVF, IUI, GIFT, Low–Medium Memorizing 12 – Lower
Technologies fertility drugs; steps without Priority
ethical issues understanding
purpose
Development
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY 12 DATE: 12/21/2025
,Subtopic Examinable How Often Common Overall
Subtopics Tested Student Importance
(What they Misunderstandi (Rank)
test) ngs
Hormonal GnRH–FSH–LH Very High Confusing LH 1 – Critical
Regulation pathways; vs FSH roles;
(Male & negative forgetting
Female) feedback; negative
inhibin; feedback
testosterone vs direction;
estrogen/prog mixing male
esterone; and female
pituitary vs hormone
gonads functions
Menstrual Phases (flow, Very High Thinking 2 – Critical
Cycle follicular, menstruation =
ovulation, ovulation;
luteal); misplacing
hormone estrogen/LH
changes by surge; not
day; corpus linking
luteum role; hormone levels
graphs to structures
Male Structure– High Believing 3 – Very
Reproductive function sperm mature Important
System (testes, Sertoli in testes (not
cells, epididymis);
seminiferous mixing Sertoli
tubules, vas vs interstitial
deferens); cells
spermatogene
sis
Female Structure– High Confusing 4 – Very
Reproductive function primary vs Important
System (ovaries, secondary
, fimbriae, oocyte;
uterus, misunderstandi
endometrium); ng corpus
oogenesis luteum function
Fertilization & Fertilization High Thinking 5 – Very
Early site; cleavage; fertilization Important
Development blastocyst; occurs in
implantation; uterus; not
hCG knowing hCG
source or role
Embryonic Ectoderm/mes Medium–High Mixing germ 6 – Important
Development oderm/endode layer
(Gastrulation) rm derivatives; derivatives;
timing; assuming
morphogenesis organs form
after birth
Pregnancy hCG → corpus Medium–High Believing 7 – Important
Hormones & luteum; ovaries are
Placenta placental needed entire
hormone pregnancy;
takeover; confusing
progesterone placenta vs
maintenance corpus luteum
timing
Birth Oxytocin, Medium Mixing positive 8 – Moderate
(Parturition) prostaglandins, vs negative
relaxin; positive feedback;
feedback unclear
hormone
sources
Lactation Prolactin vs Medium Thinking 9 – Moderate
oxytocin roles; prolactin
milk production causes milk
vs milk release ejection (it
doesn’t)
, Teratogens & Alcohol, Medium Assuming 10 – Moderate
FASD nicotine placenta
effects; critical blocks all
windows; toxins; missing
placenta timing
permeability sensitivity
Sex X/Y Low–Medium Thinking 11 – Lower
Determination chromosomes; chromosomes Priority
SRY gene; alone
hormonal determine
influence phenotype
Reproductive IVF, IUI, GIFT, Low–Medium Memorizing 12 – Lower
Technologies fertility drugs; steps without Priority
ethical issues understanding
purpose
