notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
Vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie
Les 1: Opvattingen van vrijheid 1 (23/09)..............................................................................9
De figuur van Pieter Gillis................................................................................................... 9
Examenstof handboek........................................................................................................ 10
Examen...............................................................................................................................10
Politieke dieren...................................................................................................................11
De politiek en het politieke.................................................................................................11
Vrijheid...............................................................................................................................12
Vrijheid en de Griekse polis......................................................................................... 13
Wat houdt vrijheid in?.................................................................................................. 13
Vrijheid: een ‘essentially contested concept’............................................................... 14
Liberale en republikeinse opvatting van vrijheid......................................................... 15
Isaiah Berlin en de liberale opvatting van vrijheid.............................................................15
Situering....................................................................................................................... 15
Negatieve en positieve vrijheid.............................................................................. 16
Two Concepts of Liberty........................................................................................16
Negatieve vrijheid........................................................................................................ 17
Politieke vrijheid: de mogelijkheid om te doen wat men wil doen........................ 17
Politieke vrijheid is negatieve vrijheid: non-interference...................................... 17
Politieke onvrijheid: bemoeienis, dwang en onderdrukking.................................. 18
Negatieve vrijheid en vrijheidsbegrenzing...................................................................18
Absolute vrijheid is onmogelijk............................................................................. 18
Inperking van de negatieve vrijheid en het schadebeginsel................................... 19
Negatieve vrijheid en grenzen aan de vrijheidsbegrenzing..........................................19
De grenzen van de politieke macht........................................................................ 20
Rechten en onschendbare regels.............................................................................20
Vrijheidsrechten en burgerschap............................................................................ 21
Negatieve vrijheid versus paternalisme........................................................................21
Vrijheid is vrijheid..................................................................................................22
Tegen een paternalistische overheid.......................................................................22
Negatieve vrijheid en democratie.................................................................................23
Negatieve vrijheid is verzoenbaar met liberaal despotisme................................... 23
Mill en Constant over democratie.......................................................................... 24
Les 2: Opvattingen van vrijheid 2 (30/09)............................................................................25
Berlin over democratie........................................................................................... 25
Positieve vrijheid..........................................................................................................25
Positieve vrijheid....................................................................................................26
De positieve vrijheid van de stoïcijn...................................................................... 27
notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
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, notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
De positieve vrijheid van de rationalist..................................................................28
Waardenpluralisme en humanisme...............................................................................28
Philip Pettit en de republikeinse opvatting van vrijheid.................................................... 29
Geschiedenis en essentie van de republikeinse opvatting van vrijheid........................29
Essentie van de republikeinse opvatting van vrijheid............................................ 30
How do you know if you’re truly free?........................................................................30
A Doll’s House....................................................................................................... 31
Lucky freedom versus robust freedom...................................................................31
Robust freedom...................................................................................................... 32
Fundamentele aspecten van de republikeinse opvatting van politieke vrijheid als
robuuste vrijheid...........................................................................................................32
Liberty and citizenship........................................................................................... 33
Liberty versus slavery............................................................................................ 33
Non-domination versus non-interference...............................................................34
Liberty as absence of arbitrary interference........................................................... 34
Interference without any loss of liberty..................................................................35
The properly constituted law as a non-mastering interferer...................................35
Terug naar Ibsen: wat heeft Nora nodig om vrij te zijn?..............................................36
Vrijheid: de anderen als gelijke in de ogen kunnen kijken.....................................36
Vrijheid: een gelijk aandeel in de controle over de wet......................................... 36
Citizenship: equality before and over the law........................................................ 37
Republikeinse vrijheid en democratie.......................................................................... 37
Republikeinse vrijheid in de private sfeer..............................................................38
Republikeinse vrijheid in de publieke sfeer........................................................... 38
Republikeinse vrijheid in een internationale context............................................. 39
De liberale en de republikeinse opvatting van vrijheid................................................39
Libertarian versus republican freedom...................................................................40
De vrije samenleving volgens Pettit.......................................................................40
Les 3: Drie dimensies van burgerschap 1 (07/10)................................................................42
Burgerschap........................................................................................................................42
Gespreksstof - Essentially contested concept.....................................................................42
Januskop (p. 97-99)............................................................................................................ 43
Wiens rechten?................................................................................................................... 44
Welke rechten? (p. 107-112).............................................................................................. 47
“Citizenship and Social Class” (T.H. Marchall 1949)..................................................47
Sociale rechten....................................................................................................... 49
GW (grondwet) (1994) [standstillprincipe]........................................................................49
Historische spanningsrelatie (pp. 29-32)............................................................................51
J.S. Mill 1861..................................................................................................................... 51
Berlin, two concepts of liberty, 1958................................................................................. 51
notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
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, notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
Marx en Engels...................................................................................................................52
Complementaire of botsende dimensies? (pp. 53-55)........................................................ 52
Illiberal democracy / autoritaire democratie / majoritarianism.................................... 53
Debat over ‘judicial review’.........................................................................................54
Les 4: Drie dimensies van burgerschap 2 (14/10)................................................................56
Historische verwevenheid.................................................................................................. 56
Jürgen Habermas.............................................................................................................57
Gelijkoorspronkelijkheid (pp. 57ff.)............................................................................ 57
Co-originally constituted…....................................................................................57
Constitutionele democratie...........................................................................................58
Margin of appreciation................................................................................................. 58
Rawls – Habermas – Pettit................................................................................................. 59
Paradox...............................................................................................................................60
Uitwegen: actief burgerschap promoten.......................................................................60
“Critical threshold”...................................................................................................... 61
Vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie..................................................................................61
Democratische legitimiteit................................................................................................. 62
Deliberative turn...........................................................................................................62
Informele publieke sfeer - wilsvorming....................................................................... 63
Publiek debat.......................................................................................................... 64
Formele politieke sfeer - besluitvorming..................................................................... 65
Representatieve democratie................................................................................................65
Lege plaats van de macht............................................................................................. 66
Rousseau – directe democratie........................................................................................... 66
Democratie in crisis?.......................................................................................................... 66
Burgerdemocratie met gelote burgerpanels........................................................................67
Les 5: De Haïtiaanse Revolutie en de grenzen van revolutionair burgerschap: een
geschiedenis in zes bedrijven (gastcollege) (21/10).............................................................. 68
Een geschiedenis in zes bedrijven...................................................................................... 68
Eerste bedrijf: De uitvinding van modern burgerschap................................................68
Tweede bedrijf: Opstand op Saint-Domingue.............................................................. 71
Eigenlijk drie revoluties ineen (sleutel voor begrijpen van de revolutie).............. 72
Derde bedrijf: De strijd om gelijk burgerschap en beeldvorming................................73
Vierde bedrijf: Verlichting en uitsluiting......................................................................75
Filosofische of conjecturale geschiedenis.............................................................. 75
Vijfde bedrijf: De grenzen van burgerschap: vergelijkende perspectieven..................76
Zesde bedrijf: Erfenissen van de Haïtiaanse Revolutie................................................78
Les 6: Burgerschap & gemeenschap (28/10)........................................................................79
Burgerschap & politieke gemeenschap.............................................................................. 79
Belang van de subjectieve kant.................................................................................... 79
notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
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, notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
Romantisch (volks)nationalisme........................................................................................ 80
J.S. Mill: Considerations on Representative Government (1861, ch. 16).......................... 80
Ontstaan van natiestaten.....................................................................................................81
Uitdagingen........................................................................................................................ 82
Discrepantie........................................................................................................................82
Wat bindt ons tot een politieke gemeenschap (en wat onderscheidt ons van anderen?).... 84
1. Rawls, Dworkin… (shared sense of justice)............................................................ 84
Sociologisch naïef om te denken dat minimale opvatting van gedeelde
rechtvaardigheid voldoende is voor samen te leven?.............................................85
2. ‘Common form of life’............................................................................................. 86
Charles Taylor........................................................................................................ 86
3. Liberaal nationalisme (shared (national) identity)................................................... 87
Banal nationalism................................................................................................... 88
Nation building policies......................................................................................... 89
4. Postnationale constellatie (shared political participation / constitution)..................90
Verfassungspatriotismus.........................................................................................90
Habermas................................................................................................................91
EU...........................................................................................................................91
Kritieken.................................................................................................................91
5. Interculturalisme (identification by shared participation)........................................ 92
Contacthypothese - interculturalisme.....................................................................92
Contacthypothese................................................................................................... 92
Interculturalisme.....................................................................................................93
Beperkingen........................................................................................................... 93
Combineren van strategieën............................................................................................... 94
Politieke inzet van religie................................................................................................... 94
Chistianity not as “religion but as civilizational identity understood in antithetical
opposition to Islam”..................................................................................................... 94
Multicultureel nationalisme................................................................................................95
Reasonable accommodation (redelijke accommodatie)............................................... 96
Les 7: Burgerschap & religie (04/11).................................................................................... 98
Rawls’ politiek liberalisme 1993/1997.............................................................................. 98
Mensbeeld.................................................................................................................... 98
Rawls’ liberale visie op autonomie.............................................................................. 99
UVRM................................................................................................................................ 99
Political Liberalism.......................................................................................................... 100
Publieke moraal..........................................................................................................101
Priority of basic liberties...................................................................................... 101
Basisvrijheden (incl. politieke rechten)................................................................101
Gelijke kansen...................................................................................................... 102
notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
4
Vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie
Les 1: Opvattingen van vrijheid 1 (23/09)..............................................................................9
De figuur van Pieter Gillis................................................................................................... 9
Examenstof handboek........................................................................................................ 10
Examen...............................................................................................................................10
Politieke dieren...................................................................................................................11
De politiek en het politieke.................................................................................................11
Vrijheid...............................................................................................................................12
Vrijheid en de Griekse polis......................................................................................... 13
Wat houdt vrijheid in?.................................................................................................. 13
Vrijheid: een ‘essentially contested concept’............................................................... 14
Liberale en republikeinse opvatting van vrijheid......................................................... 15
Isaiah Berlin en de liberale opvatting van vrijheid.............................................................15
Situering....................................................................................................................... 15
Negatieve en positieve vrijheid.............................................................................. 16
Two Concepts of Liberty........................................................................................16
Negatieve vrijheid........................................................................................................ 17
Politieke vrijheid: de mogelijkheid om te doen wat men wil doen........................ 17
Politieke vrijheid is negatieve vrijheid: non-interference...................................... 17
Politieke onvrijheid: bemoeienis, dwang en onderdrukking.................................. 18
Negatieve vrijheid en vrijheidsbegrenzing...................................................................18
Absolute vrijheid is onmogelijk............................................................................. 18
Inperking van de negatieve vrijheid en het schadebeginsel................................... 19
Negatieve vrijheid en grenzen aan de vrijheidsbegrenzing..........................................19
De grenzen van de politieke macht........................................................................ 20
Rechten en onschendbare regels.............................................................................20
Vrijheidsrechten en burgerschap............................................................................ 21
Negatieve vrijheid versus paternalisme........................................................................21
Vrijheid is vrijheid..................................................................................................22
Tegen een paternalistische overheid.......................................................................22
Negatieve vrijheid en democratie.................................................................................23
Negatieve vrijheid is verzoenbaar met liberaal despotisme................................... 23
Mill en Constant over democratie.......................................................................... 24
Les 2: Opvattingen van vrijheid 2 (30/09)............................................................................25
Berlin over democratie........................................................................................... 25
Positieve vrijheid..........................................................................................................25
Positieve vrijheid....................................................................................................26
De positieve vrijheid van de stoïcijn...................................................................... 27
notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
1
, notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
De positieve vrijheid van de rationalist..................................................................28
Waardenpluralisme en humanisme...............................................................................28
Philip Pettit en de republikeinse opvatting van vrijheid.................................................... 29
Geschiedenis en essentie van de republikeinse opvatting van vrijheid........................29
Essentie van de republikeinse opvatting van vrijheid............................................ 30
How do you know if you’re truly free?........................................................................30
A Doll’s House....................................................................................................... 31
Lucky freedom versus robust freedom...................................................................31
Robust freedom...................................................................................................... 32
Fundamentele aspecten van de republikeinse opvatting van politieke vrijheid als
robuuste vrijheid...........................................................................................................32
Liberty and citizenship........................................................................................... 33
Liberty versus slavery............................................................................................ 33
Non-domination versus non-interference...............................................................34
Liberty as absence of arbitrary interference........................................................... 34
Interference without any loss of liberty..................................................................35
The properly constituted law as a non-mastering interferer...................................35
Terug naar Ibsen: wat heeft Nora nodig om vrij te zijn?..............................................36
Vrijheid: de anderen als gelijke in de ogen kunnen kijken.....................................36
Vrijheid: een gelijk aandeel in de controle over de wet......................................... 36
Citizenship: equality before and over the law........................................................ 37
Republikeinse vrijheid en democratie.......................................................................... 37
Republikeinse vrijheid in de private sfeer..............................................................38
Republikeinse vrijheid in de publieke sfeer........................................................... 38
Republikeinse vrijheid in een internationale context............................................. 39
De liberale en de republikeinse opvatting van vrijheid................................................39
Libertarian versus republican freedom...................................................................40
De vrije samenleving volgens Pettit.......................................................................40
Les 3: Drie dimensies van burgerschap 1 (07/10)................................................................42
Burgerschap........................................................................................................................42
Gespreksstof - Essentially contested concept.....................................................................42
Januskop (p. 97-99)............................................................................................................ 43
Wiens rechten?................................................................................................................... 44
Welke rechten? (p. 107-112).............................................................................................. 47
“Citizenship and Social Class” (T.H. Marchall 1949)..................................................47
Sociale rechten....................................................................................................... 49
GW (grondwet) (1994) [standstillprincipe]........................................................................49
Historische spanningsrelatie (pp. 29-32)............................................................................51
J.S. Mill 1861..................................................................................................................... 51
Berlin, two concepts of liberty, 1958................................................................................. 51
notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
2
, notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
Marx en Engels...................................................................................................................52
Complementaire of botsende dimensies? (pp. 53-55)........................................................ 52
Illiberal democracy / autoritaire democratie / majoritarianism.................................... 53
Debat over ‘judicial review’.........................................................................................54
Les 4: Drie dimensies van burgerschap 2 (14/10)................................................................56
Historische verwevenheid.................................................................................................. 56
Jürgen Habermas.............................................................................................................57
Gelijkoorspronkelijkheid (pp. 57ff.)............................................................................ 57
Co-originally constituted…....................................................................................57
Constitutionele democratie...........................................................................................58
Margin of appreciation................................................................................................. 58
Rawls – Habermas – Pettit................................................................................................. 59
Paradox...............................................................................................................................60
Uitwegen: actief burgerschap promoten.......................................................................60
“Critical threshold”...................................................................................................... 61
Vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie..................................................................................61
Democratische legitimiteit................................................................................................. 62
Deliberative turn...........................................................................................................62
Informele publieke sfeer - wilsvorming....................................................................... 63
Publiek debat.......................................................................................................... 64
Formele politieke sfeer - besluitvorming..................................................................... 65
Representatieve democratie................................................................................................65
Lege plaats van de macht............................................................................................. 66
Rousseau – directe democratie........................................................................................... 66
Democratie in crisis?.......................................................................................................... 66
Burgerdemocratie met gelote burgerpanels........................................................................67
Les 5: De Haïtiaanse Revolutie en de grenzen van revolutionair burgerschap: een
geschiedenis in zes bedrijven (gastcollege) (21/10).............................................................. 68
Een geschiedenis in zes bedrijven...................................................................................... 68
Eerste bedrijf: De uitvinding van modern burgerschap................................................68
Tweede bedrijf: Opstand op Saint-Domingue.............................................................. 71
Eigenlijk drie revoluties ineen (sleutel voor begrijpen van de revolutie).............. 72
Derde bedrijf: De strijd om gelijk burgerschap en beeldvorming................................73
Vierde bedrijf: Verlichting en uitsluiting......................................................................75
Filosofische of conjecturale geschiedenis.............................................................. 75
Vijfde bedrijf: De grenzen van burgerschap: vergelijkende perspectieven..................76
Zesde bedrijf: Erfenissen van de Haïtiaanse Revolutie................................................78
Les 6: Burgerschap & gemeenschap (28/10)........................................................................79
Burgerschap & politieke gemeenschap.............................................................................. 79
Belang van de subjectieve kant.................................................................................... 79
notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
3
, notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
Romantisch (volks)nationalisme........................................................................................ 80
J.S. Mill: Considerations on Representative Government (1861, ch. 16).......................... 80
Ontstaan van natiestaten.....................................................................................................81
Uitdagingen........................................................................................................................ 82
Discrepantie........................................................................................................................82
Wat bindt ons tot een politieke gemeenschap (en wat onderscheidt ons van anderen?).... 84
1. Rawls, Dworkin… (shared sense of justice)............................................................ 84
Sociologisch naïef om te denken dat minimale opvatting van gedeelde
rechtvaardigheid voldoende is voor samen te leven?.............................................85
2. ‘Common form of life’............................................................................................. 86
Charles Taylor........................................................................................................ 86
3. Liberaal nationalisme (shared (national) identity)................................................... 87
Banal nationalism................................................................................................... 88
Nation building policies......................................................................................... 89
4. Postnationale constellatie (shared political participation / constitution)..................90
Verfassungspatriotismus.........................................................................................90
Habermas................................................................................................................91
EU...........................................................................................................................91
Kritieken.................................................................................................................91
5. Interculturalisme (identification by shared participation)........................................ 92
Contacthypothese - interculturalisme.....................................................................92
Contacthypothese................................................................................................... 92
Interculturalisme.....................................................................................................93
Beperkingen........................................................................................................... 93
Combineren van strategieën............................................................................................... 94
Politieke inzet van religie................................................................................................... 94
Chistianity not as “religion but as civilizational identity understood in antithetical
opposition to Islam”..................................................................................................... 94
Multicultureel nationalisme................................................................................................95
Reasonable accommodation (redelijke accommodatie)............................................... 96
Les 7: Burgerschap & religie (04/11).................................................................................... 98
Rawls’ politiek liberalisme 1993/1997.............................................................................. 98
Mensbeeld.................................................................................................................... 98
Rawls’ liberale visie op autonomie.............................................................................. 99
UVRM................................................................................................................................ 99
Political Liberalism.......................................................................................................... 100
Publieke moraal..........................................................................................................101
Priority of basic liberties...................................................................................... 101
Basisvrijheden (incl. politieke rechten)................................................................101
Gelijke kansen...................................................................................................... 102
notities vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie (2025)
4
