chs first exam questions and
answers5
1. Define imperial, medicinal and official history. Compare and contrast imperial, medicinal and
official history. - ANSWERS-Imperial: new history, replaces original history, the new myth that
colonial powers create. Ex: Native Americans are savage.
Medicinal History: a history that helps the colonized re-establish its relationship to the past.
Complete understanding of history.
Official history: maintenance of the new myth so it continues to be taught what is taught k-12.
Both imperial history and official history present one point of view as the true version of history.
In addition both of these types of history make a claim to being "objective" despite the fact that
they represent a very specific point of view, the view of the conqueror or dominant power.
Lastly, both of these types of history justify and normalize power relationship in place. The
difference is that imperial history has served as that new myth that Aurora Levins Morales
argues is created once colonized people's sense of history and identity has been attacked
justifying the position of the conqueror. Official history maintains or preserves imperial history
over time, it is the standards that are often taught in our school, it is what is presented to us as
the true version of history.
2. Compare and contrast Burkhart, Kellogg and Nash's arguments regarding the position or
status of women in Nahuatl society. - ANSWERS-Burkhart/Kellogg have the same
argument...that men and women were complementary and greatly valued since the men served
as warriors while women served symbolically as warriors in the home front. Nash argued that as
the Mexicas became more militarized the role of the warrior was more important than the role
women played in the home. As a result, Nash argues that women's status declines as their
society becomes more militarized. Nash argued that as the Mexican became more militarized,
women's status declined and the warrior men became more important
3. What accessories, property and rituals were significant in defining gender identity in Nahuatl
society? - ANSWERS-Womens work included cleaning, spirituality, and cooking. Though women
were not only confined to the home. They were also educators and politicians. Women in
politics worked in the calpulli nd altepetl. In health women were seen as sobadoras, midwives,
, curranderas. They also workedin the economy system being vendors, byers, running market
places this happened mostly when men were at war. Men were the tlacuilo where they were
scribes.
4. What connections were drawn between Nahuatl women's work and tools in the home and
men's work and tools in the battlefield? - ANSWERS-When women went through labor it was
considered equivalent to men participating in battle. If they successfully gave birth it was as
though they had gained a warrior. If the baby was to die or she died it was as though they had
lost a warrior in battle. Another example is the relationship between women maintaining their
women in order and the belief that as a result men folk fared well while in battle. Broom and
weaving tools were often offered in altars as representative of men's shields and arrows
5. Discuss the role and significance of the following historical characters during Spanish
invasions of Mexico: Cortes, Motecuhzoma, Malintzin, Serra, Toypurina. - ANSWERS-Serra is a
Spanish priest that advocated for Indigenous women that experienced sexual violence in
California. He also established missions in California. Toypurina was the medicine woman in
California from the Tongva people who established an alliance among different Indigenous
group to fight the Spanish. Motecuhzoma in the leader of Mexica (Azteca) for 20 years once
Cortes arrives. He was at the peak of his power and they were fighting off war. Malinztin gifted
women Cortes received. She spoke Nahuatl and Mayan. Spanish massacred Cholula
Motecuhzomas alliance. Motecuhzoma is then held hostage by cortes. However, even though
Malinztin was a translator it was not her fault for what cortes did to Montecuhzoma or Cholula
bc she had no connection to them.
Discuss the various types of unions established between Indigenous women and Spanish men
during conquest and colonization [key terms: concubinage, consensual unions, marriage and
non-consensual unions]. - ANSWERS-Non-consensual unions: Rape towards indigenous women.
Consensual unions: Union that would not be formalized by church. Living together while not
married.
Concubines: indigenous women considered secondary wives to the Spanish. This happened
once the Spanish women came to Mexico and the Spaniard men were already married to an
indigenus women.
answers5
1. Define imperial, medicinal and official history. Compare and contrast imperial, medicinal and
official history. - ANSWERS-Imperial: new history, replaces original history, the new myth that
colonial powers create. Ex: Native Americans are savage.
Medicinal History: a history that helps the colonized re-establish its relationship to the past.
Complete understanding of history.
Official history: maintenance of the new myth so it continues to be taught what is taught k-12.
Both imperial history and official history present one point of view as the true version of history.
In addition both of these types of history make a claim to being "objective" despite the fact that
they represent a very specific point of view, the view of the conqueror or dominant power.
Lastly, both of these types of history justify and normalize power relationship in place. The
difference is that imperial history has served as that new myth that Aurora Levins Morales
argues is created once colonized people's sense of history and identity has been attacked
justifying the position of the conqueror. Official history maintains or preserves imperial history
over time, it is the standards that are often taught in our school, it is what is presented to us as
the true version of history.
2. Compare and contrast Burkhart, Kellogg and Nash's arguments regarding the position or
status of women in Nahuatl society. - ANSWERS-Burkhart/Kellogg have the same
argument...that men and women were complementary and greatly valued since the men served
as warriors while women served symbolically as warriors in the home front. Nash argued that as
the Mexicas became more militarized the role of the warrior was more important than the role
women played in the home. As a result, Nash argues that women's status declines as their
society becomes more militarized. Nash argued that as the Mexican became more militarized,
women's status declined and the warrior men became more important
3. What accessories, property and rituals were significant in defining gender identity in Nahuatl
society? - ANSWERS-Womens work included cleaning, spirituality, and cooking. Though women
were not only confined to the home. They were also educators and politicians. Women in
politics worked in the calpulli nd altepetl. In health women were seen as sobadoras, midwives,
, curranderas. They also workedin the economy system being vendors, byers, running market
places this happened mostly when men were at war. Men were the tlacuilo where they were
scribes.
4. What connections were drawn between Nahuatl women's work and tools in the home and
men's work and tools in the battlefield? - ANSWERS-When women went through labor it was
considered equivalent to men participating in battle. If they successfully gave birth it was as
though they had gained a warrior. If the baby was to die or she died it was as though they had
lost a warrior in battle. Another example is the relationship between women maintaining their
women in order and the belief that as a result men folk fared well while in battle. Broom and
weaving tools were often offered in altars as representative of men's shields and arrows
5. Discuss the role and significance of the following historical characters during Spanish
invasions of Mexico: Cortes, Motecuhzoma, Malintzin, Serra, Toypurina. - ANSWERS-Serra is a
Spanish priest that advocated for Indigenous women that experienced sexual violence in
California. He also established missions in California. Toypurina was the medicine woman in
California from the Tongva people who established an alliance among different Indigenous
group to fight the Spanish. Motecuhzoma in the leader of Mexica (Azteca) for 20 years once
Cortes arrives. He was at the peak of his power and they were fighting off war. Malinztin gifted
women Cortes received. She spoke Nahuatl and Mayan. Spanish massacred Cholula
Motecuhzomas alliance. Motecuhzoma is then held hostage by cortes. However, even though
Malinztin was a translator it was not her fault for what cortes did to Montecuhzoma or Cholula
bc she had no connection to them.
Discuss the various types of unions established between Indigenous women and Spanish men
during conquest and colonization [key terms: concubinage, consensual unions, marriage and
non-consensual unions]. - ANSWERS-Non-consensual unions: Rape towards indigenous women.
Consensual unions: Union that would not be formalized by church. Living together while not
married.
Concubines: indigenous women considered secondary wives to the Spanish. This happened
once the Spanish women came to Mexico and the Spaniard men were already married to an
indigenus women.
