HIST 246 ACTUAL EXAM EXAM STUDY
SHEET EXAM Q&A 2026 GRADED A+.
◍ Revolutionary Defensism. Answer: It is based on the Marxist idea
of class struggle. Arguing that the proletariat could not win or gain in
a capitalist war, Lenin declared its true enemy is the imperialist
leaders who sent their lower classes into battle. Workers would gain
more from their own nations' defeats, he argued, if the war could be
turned into civil war and then international revolution. The events
showed that the bourgeois Provisional Government had no support
among the masses and did not have substantial military strength. The
April Crisis exposed the failure of the policy of "control" over the
Provisional Government by the compromiser-dominated soviets. In
order to save the day, the bourgeoisie began to maneuver. Miliukov
and A. I. Guchkov, the ministers hated by the masses, were removed
from the government. The first coalition government was announced
◍ Dual Power. Answer: The term Dual Power describes the division
of authority between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd
Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies after the collapse of the
tsarist government in February 1917. From February to October 1917
the Provisional Government possessed formal power in the Russian
Empire, while the Petrograd Soviet held the closest thing to real
authority among people in the streets.
◍ Milukov. Answer: -On 20 April 1917, the government sent a note
to Britain and France (which became known as the Miliukov note)
proclaiming that Russia would fulfill its obligation towards the Allies
and wage the war as long as it was necessary. On the same day,
,"thousands of armed workers and soldiers came out to demonstrate on
the street of Petrograd. Many of them carried banners with slogans
calling for the removal of the "ten bourgeois ministers', for an end to
the war and for the appointment of a new revolutionary government.
The next day the Miliukov Note was condemned by the ministers.
This resolved the immediate crisis. On 29 April, the minister of war
Alexander Guchkov resigned, and Milyukov's resignation followed on
2 or 4 May. Milyukov was offered a post as Secretary of Education,
but refused; he stayed on as the Kadet leader and began to flirt with
counter revolutionary ideas.
-The Provisional Government thereupon invited the Petrograd Soviet
to help form a coalition government consisting of both socialist and
non-socialist leaders, an invitation that the Soviet Executive
Committee accepted with reservations.
◍ The Kornilov Affair. Answer: -The Kornilov affair, or the Kornilov
putsch (Kornilov coup) as it is sometimes referred to, was an
attempted military coup d'état by the then Commander-in-Chief of the
Russian Army, General Lavr Kornilov, in August 1917 against the
dual power of the Russian Provisional Government headed by
Alexander Kerensky, in order to remove the Petrograd Soviet and
leave only the Provisional Government in Charge, under Kerensky.
He is betrayed by Kerensky, and the coup fails.
-However, the initial wave of support for the Provisional Government
amongst the Russian people soon subsided and unrest grew, a result
mainly of Russia's continued participation in the First World War and
of the economic ramifications which the fighting had for Russian
society. The demonstrations during the "July Days" sparked calls for a
need for more discipline and for a stronger government - a resurgence
occurred in right-wing feeling amongst sections of Russian society.
Officers of the Russian Army, Kornilov amongst them, led these
, calls.[citation needed] The officers feared that ill-discipline amongst
their troops accounted for the continued poor performance of the
Russian army during the First World War. They demanded the
reintroduction of the death penalty at the front line as well as the
abolition of the various soldiers committees
-
-The Kornilov affair further isolated the Provisional Government,
while allowing for a revival of Bolshevik fortunes. By September
1917 the Bolsheviks had exploited the government's misfortunes to
increase its membership and gain significant majorities in the
Petrograd and Moscow Soviets.
◍ Decree on Land. Answer: -established by Lenin following the
October Revolution
-The decree abolished property rights of landlords and provided for
the confiscation of estates with no compensation. More generally, the
Decree on Land abolished private ownership of land and introduced
the nationalization of land.
-Nationalized land became the possession of "all the people" and
could be used only by those who cultivated it. Although all land was
nationalized, individuals or families could obtain allotments of land
for small-scale agricultural activities, assuming that they themselves
used the land and did not employ hired labor.
◍ Cheka. Answer: -formed in the wake of the October 1917
revolution, established as a small agency to investigate and deal with
threats to the new regime. It was to be the "sword and shield of the
revolution", defending the Soviet regime by attacking its enemies
within.
SHEET EXAM Q&A 2026 GRADED A+.
◍ Revolutionary Defensism. Answer: It is based on the Marxist idea
of class struggle. Arguing that the proletariat could not win or gain in
a capitalist war, Lenin declared its true enemy is the imperialist
leaders who sent their lower classes into battle. Workers would gain
more from their own nations' defeats, he argued, if the war could be
turned into civil war and then international revolution. The events
showed that the bourgeois Provisional Government had no support
among the masses and did not have substantial military strength. The
April Crisis exposed the failure of the policy of "control" over the
Provisional Government by the compromiser-dominated soviets. In
order to save the day, the bourgeoisie began to maneuver. Miliukov
and A. I. Guchkov, the ministers hated by the masses, were removed
from the government. The first coalition government was announced
◍ Dual Power. Answer: The term Dual Power describes the division
of authority between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd
Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies after the collapse of the
tsarist government in February 1917. From February to October 1917
the Provisional Government possessed formal power in the Russian
Empire, while the Petrograd Soviet held the closest thing to real
authority among people in the streets.
◍ Milukov. Answer: -On 20 April 1917, the government sent a note
to Britain and France (which became known as the Miliukov note)
proclaiming that Russia would fulfill its obligation towards the Allies
and wage the war as long as it was necessary. On the same day,
,"thousands of armed workers and soldiers came out to demonstrate on
the street of Petrograd. Many of them carried banners with slogans
calling for the removal of the "ten bourgeois ministers', for an end to
the war and for the appointment of a new revolutionary government.
The next day the Miliukov Note was condemned by the ministers.
This resolved the immediate crisis. On 29 April, the minister of war
Alexander Guchkov resigned, and Milyukov's resignation followed on
2 or 4 May. Milyukov was offered a post as Secretary of Education,
but refused; he stayed on as the Kadet leader and began to flirt with
counter revolutionary ideas.
-The Provisional Government thereupon invited the Petrograd Soviet
to help form a coalition government consisting of both socialist and
non-socialist leaders, an invitation that the Soviet Executive
Committee accepted with reservations.
◍ The Kornilov Affair. Answer: -The Kornilov affair, or the Kornilov
putsch (Kornilov coup) as it is sometimes referred to, was an
attempted military coup d'état by the then Commander-in-Chief of the
Russian Army, General Lavr Kornilov, in August 1917 against the
dual power of the Russian Provisional Government headed by
Alexander Kerensky, in order to remove the Petrograd Soviet and
leave only the Provisional Government in Charge, under Kerensky.
He is betrayed by Kerensky, and the coup fails.
-However, the initial wave of support for the Provisional Government
amongst the Russian people soon subsided and unrest grew, a result
mainly of Russia's continued participation in the First World War and
of the economic ramifications which the fighting had for Russian
society. The demonstrations during the "July Days" sparked calls for a
need for more discipline and for a stronger government - a resurgence
occurred in right-wing feeling amongst sections of Russian society.
Officers of the Russian Army, Kornilov amongst them, led these
, calls.[citation needed] The officers feared that ill-discipline amongst
their troops accounted for the continued poor performance of the
Russian army during the First World War. They demanded the
reintroduction of the death penalty at the front line as well as the
abolition of the various soldiers committees
-
-The Kornilov affair further isolated the Provisional Government,
while allowing for a revival of Bolshevik fortunes. By September
1917 the Bolsheviks had exploited the government's misfortunes to
increase its membership and gain significant majorities in the
Petrograd and Moscow Soviets.
◍ Decree on Land. Answer: -established by Lenin following the
October Revolution
-The decree abolished property rights of landlords and provided for
the confiscation of estates with no compensation. More generally, the
Decree on Land abolished private ownership of land and introduced
the nationalization of land.
-Nationalized land became the possession of "all the people" and
could be used only by those who cultivated it. Although all land was
nationalized, individuals or families could obtain allotments of land
for small-scale agricultural activities, assuming that they themselves
used the land and did not employ hired labor.
◍ Cheka. Answer: -formed in the wake of the October 1917
revolution, established as a small agency to investigate and deal with
threats to the new regime. It was to be the "sword and shield of the
revolution", defending the Soviet regime by attacking its enemies
within.
