NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS & DETAILED ANSWERS
RATED 100% CORRECT
1. Acute renal failure Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output;
this indi- cates that kidneys are functioning well
2. Acute Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to
Pyelonephriti cystitis
s
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
3. Renal Calculi -Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
(Re- nal
Stones)
Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of
stone Reduce size of
stone
Prevent new stone formation
4. Chronic Renal Fail- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function
associated
ure with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most
significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic
kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
5. Who is a
candi- date for End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number
dialysis? one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At
1/
24
, NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS & DETAILED ANSWERS
RATED 100% CORRECT
this point, the patient is
completely dependent
on dialysis to survive.
KD is classified into five stages
and is based on the
patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
atients will need dialysis when
the following symptoms are
present:
Metabolic acidosis.
Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in
the presence of EKG
changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for
dialysis. --Hyperkalemia
by itself is not an
indication for
2/
24
, NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS & DETAILED ANSWERS
RATED 100% CORRECT
dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for
dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
6. Stage I CKD There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
7. Stage II CKD There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
8. Stage III CKD There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
9. Stage IV CKD There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
10. Stage V CKD Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
11. Complications Anemia
of Decreased
Hypertension
GFR
Decreased calcium
absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
3/
24
EXAM QUESTIONS & DETAILED ANSWERS
RATED 100% CORRECT
1. Acute renal failure Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output;
this indi- cates that kidneys are functioning well
2. Acute Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to
Pyelonephriti cystitis
s
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
3. Renal Calculi -Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
(Re- nal
Stones)
Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of
stone Reduce size of
stone
Prevent new stone formation
4. Chronic Renal Fail- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function
associated
ure with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most
significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic
kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
5. Who is a
candi- date for End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number
dialysis? one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At
1/
24
, NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS & DETAILED ANSWERS
RATED 100% CORRECT
this point, the patient is
completely dependent
on dialysis to survive.
KD is classified into five stages
and is based on the
patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
atients will need dialysis when
the following symptoms are
present:
Metabolic acidosis.
Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in
the presence of EKG
changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for
dialysis. --Hyperkalemia
by itself is not an
indication for
2/
24
, NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS & DETAILED ANSWERS
RATED 100% CORRECT
dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for
dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
6. Stage I CKD There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
7. Stage II CKD There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
8. Stage III CKD There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
9. Stage IV CKD There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
10. Stage V CKD Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
11. Complications Anemia
of Decreased
Hypertension
GFR
Decreased calcium
absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
3/
24
