ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR
507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS &
ELABORATED CORRECT ANSWERS
Fat Soluble Hormones - correct answer ✔✔Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - correct answer ✔✔Need 2nd Messenger to transport across
phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - correct answer ✔✔TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte
Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - correct answer ✔✔Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three
regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of
Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - correct answer ✔✔Arises from 3rd ventricle of brain,
consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa
or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that arise
primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence. - correct answer
✔✔Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine,
norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - correct answer ✔✔contains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic
and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
,Hormones of posterior pituitary - correct answer ✔✔ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - correct answer ✔✔Major homeostatic function of posterior
pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones) - correct answer
✔✔HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone
(GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - correct answer ✔✔Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - correct answer ✔✔Stimulates release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - correct answer ✔✔Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - correct answer ✔✔Stimulate secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - correct answer ✔✔ACTH,
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH,
glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - correct answer ✔✔SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
,Prolactin, - correct answer ✔✔Milk production
TSH - correct answer ✔✔Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - correct answer ✔✔Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa
cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - correct answer ✔✔Follicle maturation, estrogen
production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - correct answer ✔✔Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from
Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - correct answer ✔✔Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake
(Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
ADH functions - correct answer ✔✔Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin
2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which leads to increased water
reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may be inhibited
by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - correct answer ✔✔
High levels of ADH - correct answer ✔✔Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing
vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - correct answer ✔✔osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus.
Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is then
reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280 mOsm/kg).
, ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption.
Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by
mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma
(7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with: - correct answer ✔✔Decrease in plasma osmolality, increase in
intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II levels,
and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - correct answer ✔✔Increase BP and to achieve
hemostasis during volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin - correct answer ✔✔Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in
lactation, and may effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and
mechanical distention of femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in
mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - correct answer ✔✔ACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - correct answer ✔✔Chromophobes, and
chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of the
adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - correct answer ✔✔
Regulation of anterior pituitary is achieved by: - correct answer ✔✔feedback from
hypothalamic releasing-inhibitory hormones and factors, and feedback from target gland
hormones (cortisol, estrogen).
507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS &
ELABORATED CORRECT ANSWERS
Fat Soluble Hormones - correct answer ✔✔Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - correct answer ✔✔Need 2nd Messenger to transport across
phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - correct answer ✔✔TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte
Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - correct answer ✔✔Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three
regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of
Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - correct answer ✔✔Arises from 3rd ventricle of brain,
consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa
or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that arise
primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence. - correct answer
✔✔Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine,
norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - correct answer ✔✔contains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic
and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
,Hormones of posterior pituitary - correct answer ✔✔ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - correct answer ✔✔Major homeostatic function of posterior
pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones) - correct answer
✔✔HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone
(GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - correct answer ✔✔Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - correct answer ✔✔Stimulates release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - correct answer ✔✔Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - correct answer ✔✔Stimulate secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - correct answer ✔✔ACTH,
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH,
glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - correct answer ✔✔SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
,Prolactin, - correct answer ✔✔Milk production
TSH - correct answer ✔✔Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - correct answer ✔✔Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa
cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - correct answer ✔✔Follicle maturation, estrogen
production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - correct answer ✔✔Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from
Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - correct answer ✔✔Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake
(Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
ADH functions - correct answer ✔✔Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin
2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which leads to increased water
reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may be inhibited
by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - correct answer ✔✔
High levels of ADH - correct answer ✔✔Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing
vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - correct answer ✔✔osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus.
Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is then
reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280 mOsm/kg).
, ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption.
Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by
mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma
(7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with: - correct answer ✔✔Decrease in plasma osmolality, increase in
intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II levels,
and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - correct answer ✔✔Increase BP and to achieve
hemostasis during volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin - correct answer ✔✔Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in
lactation, and may effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and
mechanical distention of femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in
mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - correct answer ✔✔ACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - correct answer ✔✔Chromophobes, and
chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of the
adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - correct answer ✔✔
Regulation of anterior pituitary is achieved by: - correct answer ✔✔feedback from
hypothalamic releasing-inhibitory hormones and factors, and feedback from target gland
hormones (cortisol, estrogen).
