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NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
NEWEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALL
ANSWERED / ALREADY GRADED A+ | BRAND NEW! |
100% PASS
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? – ANSWER -Heart-
disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS),
CV disease, HTN,
HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation,
damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*,
chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - ANSWER-
Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione,
albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - ANSWER-1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - ANSWER-Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then
repolarizes
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Threshold potential - ANSWER-Point at which depolarization
must reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - ANSWER-HYPERpolarized
(more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased
neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony,
paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - ANSWER-HYPOpolarized
(more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T
waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD
= cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER-Increased
permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia,
circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER-Decreased
permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia,
fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T
waves
Atrophy - ANSWER-Occurs as a result of decrease in work
load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal
stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has
decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased
blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply,
and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and
may lead to cellular death.
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Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - ANSWER-Peritoneal
surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the
stomach with other abdominal organs),
*liver*
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The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol
causes: - ANSWER-1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic
acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents
gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate
and combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the
liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to
using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
Atrophy examples - ANSWER-Physiologic atrophy- shrinking
of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - ANSWER-Increase in SIZE of cells, which will
lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal
stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - ANSWER-physiologic hypertrophy-
skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting
/ when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney
increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an
increased workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular
hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - ANSWER-Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results
from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that
NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
NEWEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALL
ANSWERED / ALREADY GRADED A+ | BRAND NEW! |
100% PASS
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? – ANSWER -Heart-
disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS),
CV disease, HTN,
HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation,
damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*,
chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - ANSWER-
Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione,
albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - ANSWER-1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - ANSWER-Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then
repolarizes
,2|Page
Threshold potential - ANSWER-Point at which depolarization
must reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - ANSWER-HYPERpolarized
(more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased
neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony,
paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - ANSWER-HYPOpolarized
(more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T
waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD
= cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER-Increased
permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia,
circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER-Decreased
permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia,
fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T
waves
Atrophy - ANSWER-Occurs as a result of decrease in work
load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal
stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has
decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased
blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply,
and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and
may lead to cellular death.
,3|Page
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - ANSWER-Peritoneal
surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the
stomach with other abdominal organs),
*liver*
, 4|Page
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol
causes: - ANSWER-1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic
acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents
gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate
and combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the
liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to
using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
Atrophy examples - ANSWER-Physiologic atrophy- shrinking
of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - ANSWER-Increase in SIZE of cells, which will
lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal
stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - ANSWER-physiologic hypertrophy-
skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting
/ when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney
increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an
increased workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular
hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - ANSWER-Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results
from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that
