NR 507
NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Exam with Detailed Answers 2025 Updated
Acute renal failure -Correct Answers ✔-Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis -Correct Answers ✔-Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone
can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) -Correct Answers ✔-Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure -Correct Answers ✔-Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? -Correct Answers ✔-End-stage renal disease
(ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes
mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely
dependent on dialysis to survive.
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, NR 507
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for
dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for
dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene
glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD -Correct Answers ✔-There is kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD -Correct Answers ✔-There is kidney damage with mild decrease in
GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD -Correct Answers ✔-There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD -Correct Answers ✔-There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD -Correct Answers ✔-Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as
well as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR -Correct Answers ✔-Anemia
Hypertension
NR 507
NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Exam with Detailed Answers 2025 Updated
Acute renal failure -Correct Answers ✔-Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis -Correct Answers ✔-Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone
can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) -Correct Answers ✔-Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure -Correct Answers ✔-Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? -Correct Answers ✔-End-stage renal disease
(ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes
mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely
dependent on dialysis to survive.
NR 507
, NR 507
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for
dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for
dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene
glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD -Correct Answers ✔-There is kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD -Correct Answers ✔-There is kidney damage with mild decrease in
GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD -Correct Answers ✔-There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD -Correct Answers ✔-There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD -Correct Answers ✔-Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as
well as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR -Correct Answers ✔-Anemia
Hypertension
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