NR507 Final Exam Advanced Pathophysiology
Expected Questions and Answers (Verified Answers)
Chamberlain
1.Acute renal failure
Answer Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; th
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
2.Acute Pyelonephritis
Answer Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be
similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
3.Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)
Answer Goals of Treatment
1/
18
,Manage acute pain
Promote passage of
stone Reduce size of
stone
Prevent new stone formation
4.Chronic Renal Failure
Answer Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
5.Who is a candidate for dialysis?
Answer End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with
the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on
dialysis to survive. CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the
patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked
T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
2/
18
, --Drug toxicity Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication
for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
6.Stage I CKD
Answer There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
7.Stage II CKD
Answer There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
8.Stage III CKD
Answer There is a moderate decrease in GFR 30-
59
9.Stage IV CKD
Answer There is a severe decrease in GFR 15-
29
10.Stage V CKD
Answer Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
3/
18
Expected Questions and Answers (Verified Answers)
Chamberlain
1.Acute renal failure
Answer Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; th
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
2.Acute Pyelonephritis
Answer Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be
similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
3.Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)
Answer Goals of Treatment
1/
18
,Manage acute pain
Promote passage of
stone Reduce size of
stone
Prevent new stone formation
4.Chronic Renal Failure
Answer Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
5.Who is a candidate for dialysis?
Answer End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with
the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on
dialysis to survive. CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the
patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked
T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
2/
18
, --Drug toxicity Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication
for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
6.Stage I CKD
Answer There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
7.Stage II CKD
Answer There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
8.Stage III CKD
Answer There is a moderate decrease in GFR 30-
59
9.Stage IV CKD
Answer There is a severe decrease in GFR 15-
29
10.Stage V CKD
Answer Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
3/
18
