EDC 106: Final exam with Multiple Questions And Answers well verified

Culture - ANSWERSA system of beliefs, values, and assumptions about life that guide behavior and are shared by a group of people. Examples: iceburg under water. customs, language, social class, religion, traditions, geographical location, jokes, manners, fashion, child-rearing methods, food, medical cures etc. These are transmitted from generation to generation. Talk about cultural immersions homogeneous - ANSWERSThe condition of being the same Ex: group of white males diversity - ANSWERSthe condition of being different Ex: group with different genders, race, religion, etc. Culturally Responsive Teaching - ANSWERSA teacher's ability to have awareness of assumptions, values, and biases in order to understand the worldview of themselves and their learners, and to develop appropriate instructional strategies and techniques to meet the needs of the students who are culturally different from themselves. Examples: Classroom management (respect for all, positive interactions) Environment (organize physical space) Establish culture of learning (high expectations for all) Multidimensional (e.g. language arts, music, art, social studies teachers collaborate in teaching about protest) Infuse family/community (bring family into the classroom, personal experience) Student centered microagressions example - ANSWERSsubtle, everyday verbal/nonverbal signs that create negative messages toward minorities. Intentional or unintentional Where are you from? What are you? So what do you guys speak in Japan? I thought everyone in Africa was black? cultural neuroscience - ANSWERSrelationship between the brain and culture through brain imaging technology to deepen understanding of how environment and belief shape our mental functions cultural mapping - ANSWERScharacteristics of patterns of specific cultures American Indian - ANSWERSThe only TRULY ones (everyone else is either an immigrant or descendent of immigrants) Comprise of 1% of entire population of USA Approximately 550 different tribes (different customs, geography,) Approximately 1,000 languages (today, approximately 250) Hispanic American - ANSWERSpeople whose origins lie in Spanish countries (Mexico 65%) Puerto Rico (8.6%), Central America (8.2%), South America (6%), Cuba (3.7%), other (8%) 15% of USA population (largest minority group) & fastest growing minority group African American - ANSWERSTransatlantic slave trade (slaves/families were property of owner) 1619 first 20 Africans are sold to settlers in Virginia as "indentured servants" Jim Crow laws (laws enacted after civil war that continued to discriminate against black people) Asian American - ANSWERSVariety of origins (Chinese, Japanese, Asian etc.) Also discriminated against (marriage, education, geographical dwellings) Second to English, the most widely spoken non-English Language in the USA is an Asian language (2.5 million) Gender Diversity: Women - ANSWERS-Females are not a minority group but they have faced significant prejudice and discrimination -Elizabeth Cady Stanton began the Women's Rights Movement (1848). At the time women couldn't vote, married women were legally dead in eyes of the law, had no property, husbands had legal power over them no child custody/divorce rights, many professional occupations were not open to women (medical/legal), not admitted to college -In 1963, women earned 59 cents for every dollar earned by men. Led to the Equal Pay Act. -Career segregation (most nurses are women, most engineers are male, no female has been president of USA) Sexual Diversity - ANSWERSGay Rights Movement began in 1969 LGBTQ comprise 3.5% of adult populations (8 million Americans) socioeconmic diversity - ANSWERSLow, middle or upper class Socioeconomic diversity= income level, level of education, job status "Lack of economic diversity in schools is a problem" Two forms of capital: a. economic - how much do you have? b. social - who do you know? Religious Diversity - ANSWERSEvangline protestants, catholics, mainline protestants, undecleared Generatoinal Diversities - ANSWERSbuilders, baby boomers, generation x, millennials code switching - ANSWERSThe practice of moving back and forth between two languages/dialects. Determined by social and linguistic factors. Common in immigrant and multicultural cultures. Example: how you talk around your friends vs. professors Ebonics/AAVE - ANSWERSAfrican American Vanicular English. Ebony+black=ebonics (1973) Dr. Robert Williams, an African-American social psychologist coined the phrase while studying the psychological development of black children. Vocal Fry - ANSWERSVocal mannerism Gutteral grown at the back of the throat. Low register Often accompanied by a question mark at the end of sentences Breathiness sound to sentence. Ethnocentrism - ANSWERSviewing one's own culture/ethnicity to be "central" and viewing others as "inferior Example: go back to Africa, go back to Mexico Cultural competence - ANSWERSAbility to relate to, learn from, and collaborate with people form diverse cultural backgrounds Bias - ANSWERSUnconscious/ involuntary. Can be positive or negative. Impressions an interviewer may have of person with heavy regional accent Stereotype - ANSWERSCategorizing and viewing people/groups in the same way. "you know how they are, they're all alike." Prejudice - ANSWERSNegative believe, attitude, opinion of a group Thinking someone is less than you because they have a different religion. Discrimination - ANSWERSPrejudice put into action. Unequal/unfair treatment of a person/group blindspot/mindbugs - ANSWERS-An error in the mind's ability to perceive objects as they are. -Ingrained habits of thought that lead to errors in how we perceive, remember, reason, and make decisions. -Visual mindbugs, memory mindbugs, social mindbugs Example: table illusion, line illusion privilege - ANSWERSUnearned benefits given to a specific group of people Power and advantages derived from historical oppression and exploitation of a group. Adult, right, male ex: all white male in court house Normativity - ANSWERSConventional forms of association Most research is based on whites Privileged groups become the model for normal human relations. Because the privileged are regarded as normal, they are less likely to be studied or researched because the norm does not have to be marked Intersectionality - ANSWERSWhen an individual's identity overlaps with a number of minority classes — such as race, gender, age, ethnicity, health and other characteristics E.g. woman of color facing sexism in the work place E.g. trans gender woman of color face exceptionally high levels of discrimination (anti-trans prejudice, sexism, misogyny, racism, homophobia) Institutional racism - ANSWERSRacism perpetrated by government entities such as schools, the courts, or the military (as opposed to individuals) Example of institutional racism: Slavery Racial profiling Church Marginalization - ANSWERSThe placement of minority groups and cultures outside mainstream society. All that varies from the norm of the dominant culture is devalued and at times perceived as deviant and regressive. classism - ANSWERSprejudice against or in favor of people belonging to a particular social class. inclusion - ANSWERSthe action or state of including or of being included within a group or structure. Brain vs. Culture - ANSWERSbrain: hardware culture: software that programs it Howard Gardner - ANSWERSmultiple intelligence: musical, mathematical, etc Fixed vs Growth - ANSWERSgrowth: i can learn anything I want to fixed: i am either good at it or bad at it racial vs ethnic - ANSWERSrace: skin color, physical characteristics ethnic: culture tradition language vs. dialect - ANSWERSlanguage: exist in the minds of these who study language dialect: real speech privilege - ANSWERSright handed: privilege pay gap adult privilege white privilege male privilege regions of the brain - ANSWERSThalamus - relays sensory information (not smell) Hippocampus - short term and working memory. Where active learning takes place. Amygdala - fear system. Flight, fright, freeze for physical or social safety The brain physically grows through challenges and stretches left vs right brain - ANSWERSleft: logic right:creativity oral vs written cultures - ANSWERStelling stories, provellos vs limited interaction or dialogue difference does not denote deficit - ANSWERSjust because you are different doesn't mean you are lacking something the cost of education is too high if you have to leave your culture - ANSWERSyou should be able to learn and keep your culture how does privilege relate to mainstream America? - ANSWERSenglish is the main language and everyone needs to speak it to be successful can language be bias? - ANSWERSYes. Everything is written in English. People with southern accents can be perceived of having a low education. Words meaning different things such as "nappy" What is language diversity? - ANSWERShaving/speaking different languages or accepting them social justice - ANSWERSwhen schools do not only address the needs of the dominant culture E.g. In an English Language Arts classroom for example, the students might examine the Harry Porter series for gender construction and question the roles girls and boys and women and men occupy in the series; they might explore construction and 'normalization' of hierarchy based on sexuality and disability; or they might examine the subtext of colorblindness combination of fairness, equity, and a strong dedication to social action Achievement gap - ANSWERS- significant disparity in academic performance between different groups of students e.g. black and white students, students from higher or lower income levels. Equity vs equality - ANSWERSfairness-equity sameness-equality. example of equity: Fight to keep students experiencing poverty from being placed unfairly into lower academic tracks (tracking). Encourage participation gifted and talented programs Income achievement gap vs. racial achievement gap - ANSWERSincome- Manufacturing jobs that provided a middle-class wage without a college degree are largely gone today. As a result, education success has become increasingly essential to economic success. income- Family income has become increasingly correlated to other family characteristics and resources that are important for children's development e.g. raising children with two parents. Today, the achievement gap by CLASS (socio economics) is much larger than the achievement gap by RACE types of culture: - ANSWERSgender, religion, sexuality, age. WHAT WE SEE: food, dress, national symbols, language, race What we don't see: core values, religion, work ethic, belief, biases, expectations types of diversity - ANSWERSgender, religion, sexuality, age. types of learning vs. style of learning - ANSWERStypes: Kinesthetic, auditory, visual styles: intrapersonal, spatial, naturalist, musical, logical mathematical, existential individualist vs. collectivist - ANSWERSindividualist: independent and individual achievement. self expression, individual thinking, personal choice. US, Great Britain, Canada collectivist: independence in group success. associated with shared property and group ownership. Guatemala, Taiwan, Venezuela cultural competence vs. cultural responsiveness - ANSWERScompetence: understanding one's difference. Ability to relate to, learn from, and collaborate with people form diverse cultural backgrounds responsiveness: responding to it. the ability to learn from and relate respectfully with people of your own culture as well as those from other cultures. sterotype vs prejudice - ANSWERSstereotype: categorizing the group prejudice: Attitude, or opinion about a group not based on facts When all members of a stereotypes group are judged in a negative way Avoidance of a group Similar to stereotype but rarely positive ethnic centered schools - ANSWERSAfrican-American academies American Heritage Schools and Colleges (include a pledge/motto, role models) HBCU Ethnic studies programs Bilingual Education e.g. Spanish immersion school in Lexington, KY ESL schools Goal: Use the cultural experiences and frames of reference of ethnically diverse students to teach academic knowledge and skills and teach more about their heritage. characteristics of crt - ANSWERSEnvironment (organize physical space) EstClassroom management (respect for all, positive interactions) ablish culture of learning (high expectations for all) Multidimensional (e.g. language arts, music, art, social studies teachers collaborate in teaching about protest) Infuse family/community (bring family into the classroom, personal experience) Student centered How does diversity benefit us? - ANSWERSSocially diverse groups are more innovative than homogenous groups Diverse groups are better at solving non-routine, complex problems Innovation requires diversity i.e. diversity enhances creativity. Encourages search for novel ideas How does data support the need for culturally responsive classrooms? - ANSWERSHoward (1999) state that effective teaching requires mastery of content knowledge and pedagogical skills. Teachers can't teach what they don't know. This applies to knowledge both of student populations and subject matter. Yet, too many teachers are inadequately prepared to teach ethnically diverse students. Higher education is currently faced with three realities: (1) students of color comprise almost half of the public school population; (2) the number of teachers of color has not risen in proportion with students of color; (3) the demographic makeup of the teaching force is predominantly White. (Skepple) How does privilege influence education? - ANSWERSPrivilege can be seen as the norm Normativity in the classroom is bad to make students learn the same way. disadvantages include: non-educated parents, lack of money, color, etc. Privilege walk How can curriculum reflect diversity? - ANSWERSClassroom environment Instructional materials Instructional practices/activities What are the benefits of cultural responsiveness? - ANSWERSEveryone is treated by equity instead of equality. Example: everyone took the same test to climb a tree. Close the achievement gap. Welcomes students in classroom and connects students to activities. How does the brain use culture to make sense of the world? - ANSWERSThe brain tries to minimize social threats and maximize opportunities to connect with others (collectivist culture) - the brain fiercely protects our sense of well-being, self-determination, self-worth - the brain will not seek to connect with others if it perceives them to be threatening -threats (amygdala) include microagressions The brain physically grows through challenges and stretches - growth is stimulated when we learn something new and step outside our comfort zones How does equality and equity relate to education? - ANSWERSStudent should be treated with fairness. Don't expect students from diverse backgrounds to learn the same way. "If you judge a fish out of water, it will go it's whole life thinking it's stupid." Invisible Knapsack - ANSWERSRacism isn't just an act of meanness, but an invisible dominance. "I can wish to be in the company of people of my face most of the time." "I can avoid spending time with people whom I was trained to mistrust and who have learned to mistrust my kind." "If I should move, I can find an area I can afford and which I would want to live." "Shopping at any time and not be harassed."