PS 101 final exam Boston University spring
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QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS |\ |\
diffusion of responsibility or bystander apathy - CORRECT
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ANSWERS ✔✔Tendency for an individual to feel a diminished
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sense of responsibility to assist in an emergency when other
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
bystanders are present (not helping when there is other people
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
present)
Social Perception - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The way in which we
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
perceive, evaluate, categorize, and form judgments about the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
qualities of other people. Three factors that influence our social
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
perceptions are first impressions, schemas, and implicit
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
personality theories |\
primacy effect. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔First impression.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
negative first impressions are often quickly formed and hard to
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
overcome. In contrast, the opposite tends to be true of positive
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
first impressions
|\
Person Schemas - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Generalized
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
assumptions about certain groups or classes of people |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
you might have schemas of lawyers as aggressive and verbal,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and of professors as studious and somewhat distracted.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,if our first impression of a new neighbor is that she is unfriendly,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
we are likely to evaluate her failure to comment on our shiny
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
new car as further evidence of her unfriendliness.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Implicit Personality Theories - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔Assumptions people make about how traits usually occur |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
together in other people's personalities |\ |\ |\ |\
if we meet a person whom we perceive as intelligent, we may
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
expect that person also to be skillful and imaginative
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
central traits - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔One personality trait that
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
is associated with others such as not honest can be associated
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
with being mean, rude, and disrespectful
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
presented two groups of subjects with a list of seven traits,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
describing a hypothetical person. The list for each group differed
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
on only one central trait dimension—warm versus cold—yet this
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
difference influenced significantly the subjects' predictions about
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
other traits of the hypothetical person.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
halo effect - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔For example, in a recent
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
study examining the halo effect, researchers found that thinner
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
men were rated as more attractive, enthusiastic, and more likely
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
to be successful than heavier men. Heavier men, on the other
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
hand, were rated as more friendly and trustworthy than thinner
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
men
,Physical Attractiveness Stereotype - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔Tendency to believe that good-looking people are also funnier, |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
smarter, more likeable than less good-looking people
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Since Stew's first impression of Valerie came from a meeting for
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
students eligible for an academic honor society, he perceives her
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
as intelligent and CANNOT understand how she could be flunking
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
her math class. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True, The first
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
information we receive about a person has the greatest influence |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
on our perception of that person. This is called the primacy
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
effect, and it makes first impressions invaluable.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
If we meet a person who we perceive as being warm and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
friendly, we will probably expect that person to also be generous
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and to have a good sense of humor based on explicit personality
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
theories - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔FALSE, implicit personality
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
theory
Attribution Theories - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Theory that we |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
attempt to make sense out of other people's behavior by
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
attributing it to either dispositional (internal) causes or situational
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(external) causes
|\ |\
For example, suppose you have recently begun dating someone
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
you like very much, and the two of you spend a weekend visiting
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
your date's parents. Much to your dismay, your friend acts like a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
different person—restrained, impersonal, and physically
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
unresponsive. What has caused the change? If you attribute it to |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
external factors (that your date is ill at ease around his or her
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
parents) you are unlikely to feel that the relationship is seriously
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
threatened. However, if you attribute the change to an internal |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
, cause (that your partner no longer feels responsive to you), you
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
may seriously reevaluate the relationship.
|\ |\ |\ |\
The Correspondent Inference Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔theory that the attributions we make about other people's
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
behavior are influenced by a variety of conditions, such as the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
social desirability of that behavior or whether the behavior
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
results from free choice |\ |\ |\ |\
why people do what they do (hard course elective or required)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(For instance, if someone donates money to a charity at a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
fundraising event, we might attribute their behavior to the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
situation rather than their individual traits.)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
SEVERAL experiments have demonstrated that we are more likely
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
to make correspondent inferences from socially undesirable or
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
norm-deviant behaviors than from socially desirable behaviors. |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Covariation Principle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Theory that our
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
attributions about people's behavior are influenced by the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
situations in which the behavior occurs, the persons involved,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and the stimuli or objects toward which the behavior is directed
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
measure in three levels: |\ |\ |\
1) Distinctiveness is the degree to which other stimuli are
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
capable of eliciting the same behavior from the young man.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
2) Consistency is the degree to which the young man exhibits the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
same behavior in response to the same stimulus on other
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
occasions.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS |\ |\
diffusion of responsibility or bystander apathy - CORRECT
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ANSWERS ✔✔Tendency for an individual to feel a diminished
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sense of responsibility to assist in an emergency when other
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
bystanders are present (not helping when there is other people
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
present)
Social Perception - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The way in which we
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
perceive, evaluate, categorize, and form judgments about the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
qualities of other people. Three factors that influence our social
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
perceptions are first impressions, schemas, and implicit
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
personality theories |\
primacy effect. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔First impression.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
negative first impressions are often quickly formed and hard to
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
overcome. In contrast, the opposite tends to be true of positive
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
first impressions
|\
Person Schemas - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Generalized
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
assumptions about certain groups or classes of people |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
you might have schemas of lawyers as aggressive and verbal,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and of professors as studious and somewhat distracted.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,if our first impression of a new neighbor is that she is unfriendly,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
we are likely to evaluate her failure to comment on our shiny
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
new car as further evidence of her unfriendliness.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Implicit Personality Theories - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔Assumptions people make about how traits usually occur |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
together in other people's personalities |\ |\ |\ |\
if we meet a person whom we perceive as intelligent, we may
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
expect that person also to be skillful and imaginative
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
central traits - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔One personality trait that
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
is associated with others such as not honest can be associated
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
with being mean, rude, and disrespectful
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
presented two groups of subjects with a list of seven traits,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
describing a hypothetical person. The list for each group differed
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
on only one central trait dimension—warm versus cold—yet this
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
difference influenced significantly the subjects' predictions about
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
other traits of the hypothetical person.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
halo effect - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔For example, in a recent
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
study examining the halo effect, researchers found that thinner
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
men were rated as more attractive, enthusiastic, and more likely
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
to be successful than heavier men. Heavier men, on the other
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
hand, were rated as more friendly and trustworthy than thinner
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
men
,Physical Attractiveness Stereotype - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔Tendency to believe that good-looking people are also funnier, |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
smarter, more likeable than less good-looking people
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Since Stew's first impression of Valerie came from a meeting for
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
students eligible for an academic honor society, he perceives her
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
as intelligent and CANNOT understand how she could be flunking
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
her math class. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔True, The first
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
information we receive about a person has the greatest influence |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
on our perception of that person. This is called the primacy
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
effect, and it makes first impressions invaluable.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
If we meet a person who we perceive as being warm and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
friendly, we will probably expect that person to also be generous
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and to have a good sense of humor based on explicit personality
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
theories - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔FALSE, implicit personality
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
theory
Attribution Theories - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Theory that we |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
attempt to make sense out of other people's behavior by
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
attributing it to either dispositional (internal) causes or situational
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(external) causes
|\ |\
For example, suppose you have recently begun dating someone
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
you like very much, and the two of you spend a weekend visiting
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
your date's parents. Much to your dismay, your friend acts like a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
different person—restrained, impersonal, and physically
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
unresponsive. What has caused the change? If you attribute it to |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
external factors (that your date is ill at ease around his or her
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
parents) you are unlikely to feel that the relationship is seriously
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
threatened. However, if you attribute the change to an internal |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
, cause (that your partner no longer feels responsive to you), you
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
may seriously reevaluate the relationship.
|\ |\ |\ |\
The Correspondent Inference Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔theory that the attributions we make about other people's
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
behavior are influenced by a variety of conditions, such as the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
social desirability of that behavior or whether the behavior
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
results from free choice |\ |\ |\ |\
why people do what they do (hard course elective or required)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(For instance, if someone donates money to a charity at a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
fundraising event, we might attribute their behavior to the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
situation rather than their individual traits.)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
SEVERAL experiments have demonstrated that we are more likely
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
to make correspondent inferences from socially undesirable or
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
norm-deviant behaviors than from socially desirable behaviors. |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Covariation Principle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Theory that our
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
attributions about people's behavior are influenced by the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
situations in which the behavior occurs, the persons involved,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and the stimuli or objects toward which the behavior is directed
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
measure in three levels: |\ |\ |\
1) Distinctiveness is the degree to which other stimuli are
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
capable of eliciting the same behavior from the young man.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
2) Consistency is the degree to which the young man exhibits the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
same behavior in response to the same stimulus on other
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
occasions.
