GGH3705
EXAM PACK
, lOMoARcPSD|18222662
Development of Urban Space 20246
Semester: 01
Due date: 22 May 2024
Student number: 57284253
By checking the boxes below and/or signing (or writing my initials), I declare that I have not
plagiarised in this assignment.
I understand what plagiarism is and am aware of the university’s policy in this regard.
I declare that this assignment is my own, original work.
I have acknowledged through in-text referencing where someone else’s work was used
(whether from a printed source, the internet or any other source).
I did not copy and paste any information directly from any source into my assignment.
I have not copied another student’s work and submitted it as my own.
I have not allowed and will not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of
presenting it as his/her own work
Signed M.T.MTHEMBU
Date 22 May 2024
Question 1
Focus your analysis on the three pivotal phases of urban development and expansion in the
contemporary era.
Urban systems can be explained as the spatial reflection of the inner deep social economic
movement. Urban systems are placed in urban regions in terms of ecosystems services and
areas that mostly for consumption of primary sites. Urban systems have gone through
significant transformations across three major phases of development which are attributed to
economic, social, governance, technology and infrastructural changes.
Economic transformation is described as a process of moving labour and other resources
from lower to higher productivity activities. Urban economic transformation focuses on the
spatial arrangements of households, firms and the capital in metropolitan areas.it also
focuses on the externalities which arise thus includes moving among sectors of higher value
activities [agriculture to manufacturing].economic factors such as the growth of industries,
the development of service sector and the changes of labour market have shaped urban
systems of south Africa. Our history in primary activities such as mineral extraction and its
associated industrialisation has played an important role in our urbanisation
, lOMoARcPSD|18222662
Social transformation can be explained as restricting of all aspects of life from culture to
social relations, from politics to economy, from the way we think to the way we live. Social
transformation refers to the process whereby an individual alters the socially ascribed social
status of their parents into a socially achieved status for themselves, social transformation
involves a change in institutionalised values and hierarchies over time, social transformation
of South Africa have been influenced by factors such as migration, population growth and
societal norms and values.
Transformation governance means governance with the capacity to shape non-linear
change in complex systems of nature and people.it also refers to the capacity and capability
to develop initiatives that can continue to compete with the continuously changing social
governance is mostly about fostering a culture of and fairness and inclusiveness beyond
legal formailities.tranformation governance has played a crucial role in urban systems.
Technological transformation can described as a complete overhaul of an organisation
technology systems encompassing network architecture, software and how data is stored
and accessed and affecting all people process and technology. Technological transformation
have impacted urban systems significantly by advance in computing power, data storage
and satellite technologies have released unprecedented opportunities.
Infrastructural transformation consist of becoming better and more efficient at allocating
resources to new projects and markets and making the cost of managing cost of day to day
infrastacture easier and cheaper. Urban system have been shaped by infrastructural
transformations, thus includes sanitation, transportation communication which are
interconnected and shapes everyday lives in different ways.
Key transformation in urban systems across three major phases of contemporary
development focusing on economic, governance social, technological and infrastructural
changes
Phase 1 industrialisation and urbanisation
The first phase of urban development was characterised by industrialisation ad urbanisation
which led to growth of cities and emergence of urban systems. Economic transformation
during this phase driven by shift from agrarian to industrial economies thus leading to
urbanisation and the rise of industries that are manufacturing and an increased productivity
due to new jobs created in urban areas. Social transformation were marked by high
population growth due to migration of rural to urban and the beginning of new social
classes. The influx of rural-urban migration increased the population and created urban
social structures.
, lOMoARcPSD|18222662
Phase 2 post industrialisation and globalisation
Social transformation focused on diversification of urban population and increased cultural
diversity. Governance focused on more participatory and inclusive governance models.
Technological transformations made rapid movement in information technology digital
connectivity.infrastructrue focuses in investment in digital infrastructure sustainable energy
systems and public transportation.
Phase 3 globalisation and digitalization
The third phase which is the one we currently live in is in pursuit of sustainable urban
development. Economic transformation are driven by the need to for economic growth that is
sustainable and increased economic interdependence. Social is focused on growing the
cultural interconnectedness governance involve the inclusive governance models
recognition of the role of cities in global challenges such as climate change .technological
focuses on proliferation of digital technologies and big data analytics,infrastrucuture focuses
on developing resilient infrastructure and sustainable urban design and smart mobility
solutions.
Reference list
Knox, PL & McCarthy, LM. 2014. An Introduction to Urban Geography (Third Edition). Essex:
Pearson
Short, JR.2017.global cities: the international encyclopaedia of geography. John Wiley and
sons.
Pacione, M. 2009. Urban Geography. London and New York: Routledge
Pumain, D. (2018). An Evolutionary Theory of Urban Systems. In International and
Transnational Perspectives on Urban Systems
Question 3
Examine, with special emphasis on infrastructure enhancement, the assimilation of informal
settlements, bridging socioeconomic gaps, and fostering environmental stewardship
The principle challenges and prospects for achieving sustainable urban growth
Challenges for faced includes historical legacies of segregation [apartheid] and inequality left
many people isolated from one another and left out also on economic opportunites.these
legacies of apartheid created titles in south Africa that were representation of oppression
and inequality. Climate change also posed as a global issue that affect cities as we
experiencing extreme weather conditions such as flooding severe thurnderstorms.political
EXAM PACK
, lOMoARcPSD|18222662
Development of Urban Space 20246
Semester: 01
Due date: 22 May 2024
Student number: 57284253
By checking the boxes below and/or signing (or writing my initials), I declare that I have not
plagiarised in this assignment.
I understand what plagiarism is and am aware of the university’s policy in this regard.
I declare that this assignment is my own, original work.
I have acknowledged through in-text referencing where someone else’s work was used
(whether from a printed source, the internet or any other source).
I did not copy and paste any information directly from any source into my assignment.
I have not copied another student’s work and submitted it as my own.
I have not allowed and will not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of
presenting it as his/her own work
Signed M.T.MTHEMBU
Date 22 May 2024
Question 1
Focus your analysis on the three pivotal phases of urban development and expansion in the
contemporary era.
Urban systems can be explained as the spatial reflection of the inner deep social economic
movement. Urban systems are placed in urban regions in terms of ecosystems services and
areas that mostly for consumption of primary sites. Urban systems have gone through
significant transformations across three major phases of development which are attributed to
economic, social, governance, technology and infrastructural changes.
Economic transformation is described as a process of moving labour and other resources
from lower to higher productivity activities. Urban economic transformation focuses on the
spatial arrangements of households, firms and the capital in metropolitan areas.it also
focuses on the externalities which arise thus includes moving among sectors of higher value
activities [agriculture to manufacturing].economic factors such as the growth of industries,
the development of service sector and the changes of labour market have shaped urban
systems of south Africa. Our history in primary activities such as mineral extraction and its
associated industrialisation has played an important role in our urbanisation
, lOMoARcPSD|18222662
Social transformation can be explained as restricting of all aspects of life from culture to
social relations, from politics to economy, from the way we think to the way we live. Social
transformation refers to the process whereby an individual alters the socially ascribed social
status of their parents into a socially achieved status for themselves, social transformation
involves a change in institutionalised values and hierarchies over time, social transformation
of South Africa have been influenced by factors such as migration, population growth and
societal norms and values.
Transformation governance means governance with the capacity to shape non-linear
change in complex systems of nature and people.it also refers to the capacity and capability
to develop initiatives that can continue to compete with the continuously changing social
governance is mostly about fostering a culture of and fairness and inclusiveness beyond
legal formailities.tranformation governance has played a crucial role in urban systems.
Technological transformation can described as a complete overhaul of an organisation
technology systems encompassing network architecture, software and how data is stored
and accessed and affecting all people process and technology. Technological transformation
have impacted urban systems significantly by advance in computing power, data storage
and satellite technologies have released unprecedented opportunities.
Infrastructural transformation consist of becoming better and more efficient at allocating
resources to new projects and markets and making the cost of managing cost of day to day
infrastacture easier and cheaper. Urban system have been shaped by infrastructural
transformations, thus includes sanitation, transportation communication which are
interconnected and shapes everyday lives in different ways.
Key transformation in urban systems across three major phases of contemporary
development focusing on economic, governance social, technological and infrastructural
changes
Phase 1 industrialisation and urbanisation
The first phase of urban development was characterised by industrialisation ad urbanisation
which led to growth of cities and emergence of urban systems. Economic transformation
during this phase driven by shift from agrarian to industrial economies thus leading to
urbanisation and the rise of industries that are manufacturing and an increased productivity
due to new jobs created in urban areas. Social transformation were marked by high
population growth due to migration of rural to urban and the beginning of new social
classes. The influx of rural-urban migration increased the population and created urban
social structures.
, lOMoARcPSD|18222662
Phase 2 post industrialisation and globalisation
Social transformation focused on diversification of urban population and increased cultural
diversity. Governance focused on more participatory and inclusive governance models.
Technological transformations made rapid movement in information technology digital
connectivity.infrastructrue focuses in investment in digital infrastructure sustainable energy
systems and public transportation.
Phase 3 globalisation and digitalization
The third phase which is the one we currently live in is in pursuit of sustainable urban
development. Economic transformation are driven by the need to for economic growth that is
sustainable and increased economic interdependence. Social is focused on growing the
cultural interconnectedness governance involve the inclusive governance models
recognition of the role of cities in global challenges such as climate change .technological
focuses on proliferation of digital technologies and big data analytics,infrastrucuture focuses
on developing resilient infrastructure and sustainable urban design and smart mobility
solutions.
Reference list
Knox, PL & McCarthy, LM. 2014. An Introduction to Urban Geography (Third Edition). Essex:
Pearson
Short, JR.2017.global cities: the international encyclopaedia of geography. John Wiley and
sons.
Pacione, M. 2009. Urban Geography. London and New York: Routledge
Pumain, D. (2018). An Evolutionary Theory of Urban Systems. In International and
Transnational Perspectives on Urban Systems
Question 3
Examine, with special emphasis on infrastructure enhancement, the assimilation of informal
settlements, bridging socioeconomic gaps, and fostering environmental stewardship
The principle challenges and prospects for achieving sustainable urban growth
Challenges for faced includes historical legacies of segregation [apartheid] and inequality left
many people isolated from one another and left out also on economic opportunites.these
legacies of apartheid created titles in south Africa that were representation of oppression
and inequality. Climate change also posed as a global issue that affect cities as we
experiencing extreme weather conditions such as flooding severe thurnderstorms.political
