PYC2601
NOTES
, Glossary – Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Counter-imitation: refers to cases where the observers do the opposite of what they
have observed in the model
Covert modelling: imagining another person performing the behaviour
Direct learning: when people learn thorough direct experience, their behaviour changes
as a result of performing a behaviour, for which they are rewarded (direct
reinforcement) or punished (direct punishment) by someone else
Imitation: when the behaviour of a model is repeated
Locus of control: People who believe that they can exercise considerable control over
what happens to them have an internal locus of control, whereas those who are
inclined to believe that circumstances beyond their control determine their fate have an
external locus of control
Model: the person whose behaviour is observed
Modelling: the behaviour of the model
Observer: the person who observes someone else’s behaviour
Observational learning: the behaviour of a person which changes as a result of
observing other people’s behaviour
Participant modelling: client is encouraged to reproduce the behaviour of the model,
then client is rewarded through direct reinforcement
Positivist approach: behaviour is the result of knowable causes.
Reciprocal determinism / Interactional view: the view that behaviour is determined by
the continuous interaction between the person, the situation and the person’s behaviour
Reinforcement agent: the person who rewards or punishes the model’s behaviour
Reproduction: the observers repetition of an observed behaviour. (we may observe a
behaviour with attention and we may retain the info but not necessarily reproduce the
behaviour)
Response repertoire: in every situation, the individual has various behaviours at his
disposal
Retention: the extent to which the observer will remember the behaviour
Self-efficacy: peoples beliefs about their capabilities to function effectively in a given
situation
Self-regulation: individuals ability to regulate their own behaviour (internal and
external)
, Self-reinforcement: rewarding one’s own behaviour
Self-punishment: punishing one’s own behaviour
Vicarious reinforcement: when the model’s behaviour is reinforced and the observer
learns the behaviour
Vicarious punishment: when the observer observes the model being punished for their
behaviour
Vicarious outcomes: the reinforcement/punishment a model receives
Glossary – The existential theory of Victor Frankl
Dereflection: a logotherapeutic technique designed to shift the attention of a person
away from obsessive hyper-reflection and to focus on something meaningful instead
Dimensional ontology: a three-dimensional view of human functioning on a physical,
psychological and also a spiritual level of being
Existential vacuum: a state of meaninglessness or spiritual emptiness characterised by
a lack of purpose or direction in life
Freedom of the will: the capacity of self-determination through the exercise of choice
Meaning: the one right thing to do in a particular situation or moment of life in terms of
what that situation requires (means)
Meaning of life: that life never ceases to hold meaning and that meaning can be found in
all circumstances, even in suffering and death
Noogenic dimension: the third or spiritual level of existence which is unique to human
beings
Noogenic or existential neurosis: the mental or spiritual anguish and existential despair
people suffer who see no meaning in their lives
Paradoxical intention: a logotherapeutic technique designed to break the vicious circle
of hyper-intention by encouraging the person to wish or intend , with much humour, what
the person fears, thereby deflating or defusing the fear
Self-transcendence: the ability human beings have to think about themselves, to
evaluate and judge themselves, and to change themselves
Socratic dialogue: a highly challenging and questioning logotherapeutic technique
evoking critical and creative thought and which allows the person to discover and realise
the meaning: the unique responsibilities and tasks of his or her own life
Subhuman levels of being: ways of functioning that human beings share in common
with animals
, Transhuman dimension: timeless and universal values and meanings which address
the human conscience in unique ways and which can be discovered (grasped) and
experienced by anyone, at any time, under all circumstances
Will to meaning: the desire to find meaning and purpose in life
Summaries made from Text Book:
NOTES
, Glossary – Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Counter-imitation: refers to cases where the observers do the opposite of what they
have observed in the model
Covert modelling: imagining another person performing the behaviour
Direct learning: when people learn thorough direct experience, their behaviour changes
as a result of performing a behaviour, for which they are rewarded (direct
reinforcement) or punished (direct punishment) by someone else
Imitation: when the behaviour of a model is repeated
Locus of control: People who believe that they can exercise considerable control over
what happens to them have an internal locus of control, whereas those who are
inclined to believe that circumstances beyond their control determine their fate have an
external locus of control
Model: the person whose behaviour is observed
Modelling: the behaviour of the model
Observer: the person who observes someone else’s behaviour
Observational learning: the behaviour of a person which changes as a result of
observing other people’s behaviour
Participant modelling: client is encouraged to reproduce the behaviour of the model,
then client is rewarded through direct reinforcement
Positivist approach: behaviour is the result of knowable causes.
Reciprocal determinism / Interactional view: the view that behaviour is determined by
the continuous interaction between the person, the situation and the person’s behaviour
Reinforcement agent: the person who rewards or punishes the model’s behaviour
Reproduction: the observers repetition of an observed behaviour. (we may observe a
behaviour with attention and we may retain the info but not necessarily reproduce the
behaviour)
Response repertoire: in every situation, the individual has various behaviours at his
disposal
Retention: the extent to which the observer will remember the behaviour
Self-efficacy: peoples beliefs about their capabilities to function effectively in a given
situation
Self-regulation: individuals ability to regulate their own behaviour (internal and
external)
, Self-reinforcement: rewarding one’s own behaviour
Self-punishment: punishing one’s own behaviour
Vicarious reinforcement: when the model’s behaviour is reinforced and the observer
learns the behaviour
Vicarious punishment: when the observer observes the model being punished for their
behaviour
Vicarious outcomes: the reinforcement/punishment a model receives
Glossary – The existential theory of Victor Frankl
Dereflection: a logotherapeutic technique designed to shift the attention of a person
away from obsessive hyper-reflection and to focus on something meaningful instead
Dimensional ontology: a three-dimensional view of human functioning on a physical,
psychological and also a spiritual level of being
Existential vacuum: a state of meaninglessness or spiritual emptiness characterised by
a lack of purpose or direction in life
Freedom of the will: the capacity of self-determination through the exercise of choice
Meaning: the one right thing to do in a particular situation or moment of life in terms of
what that situation requires (means)
Meaning of life: that life never ceases to hold meaning and that meaning can be found in
all circumstances, even in suffering and death
Noogenic dimension: the third or spiritual level of existence which is unique to human
beings
Noogenic or existential neurosis: the mental or spiritual anguish and existential despair
people suffer who see no meaning in their lives
Paradoxical intention: a logotherapeutic technique designed to break the vicious circle
of hyper-intention by encouraging the person to wish or intend , with much humour, what
the person fears, thereby deflating or defusing the fear
Self-transcendence: the ability human beings have to think about themselves, to
evaluate and judge themselves, and to change themselves
Socratic dialogue: a highly challenging and questioning logotherapeutic technique
evoking critical and creative thought and which allows the person to discover and realise
the meaning: the unique responsibilities and tasks of his or her own life
Subhuman levels of being: ways of functioning that human beings share in common
with animals
, Transhuman dimension: timeless and universal values and meanings which address
the human conscience in unique ways and which can be discovered (grasped) and
experienced by anyone, at any time, under all circumstances
Will to meaning: the desire to find meaning and purpose in life
Summaries made from Text Book:
