Pathophysiology Final Exam 1
Innate immunity responses - ANSWER nonspecific mechanism that defends the body
immediately against pathogens. These include the skin, mucous membranes, phagocytic
ciliated cells
Adaptive Immunity responses - ANSWER sensitive T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that
have memory for specific antigens
Active acquired adaptive immunity - ANSWER obtained through exposure to an antigen or
through immunization
Passive acquired adaptive immunity - ANSWER individual is given premade, fully formed
antibodies against an antigen
Immunocompetence - ANSWER an individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious
agent because of a competence immune system
Immunosupression - ANSWER there is a defective immune system that is placing a person
at risk for infection
Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity - ANSWER rapidly developing immune reaction,
typically an allergy
Type II Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity - ANSWER transfusion reaction in which cells from an
incompatible donor react with host Igs
Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity - ANSWER Reactions are mediated by sensitized T
lymphocytes and macrophages. It doesn't happen right away, making it hard to pinpoint
what the cause is. (Like poison ivy)
White blood cell count - ANSWER 4,500-11,000/mm3
Neutrophil count - ANSWER 1,500-8,000
CRP - ANSWER <10 indicates inflammation
Hypervolemia - ANSWER abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma in the body
Serum Sodium - ANSWER 135-145 mEq/L
Potassium - ANSWER 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Calcium - ANSWER 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
Phosphate - ANSWER 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
, Magnesium - ANSWER 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
ADH - ANSWER stimulation water reabsorption from the nephron tubule fluid at the
collecting duct into the bloodstream.
Aldosterone - ANSWER a mineralocorticoid that increases sodium and water reabsorption
into the bloodstream at the distal tubules of the nephrons
Aortic Stenosis - ANSWER narrowing of the aortic valve usually caused by sclerosis
Mitral Valve insufficiency - ANSWER when the mitral valve does not close completely
during systole. As the left ventricle contracts, blood from the ventricle refluxes back into
the atrium. This increased blood volume in the left atrium increases backward pressure
within the pulmonary veins
IBS - ANSWER alteration in GI motility is linked to central nervous system-directed motor
function of the bowel
Diverticulosis - ANSWER bowel wall has multiple weakened areas that form small
outpouchings
IBD - ANSWER chronic, transmural, inflammatory process of the bowel wall that often
leads to fibrosis and obstructive symptoms, can affect mouth to anus
Nonmechanical bowl dysfunction - ANSWER disruption of the peristalsis caused by
weakness of muscles of the bowel wall
Chronic renal failure - ANSWER irreversible progressive disease, kidney is unable to
excrete waste products or control volume statis making dialysis or a kidney transplant the
only options
Increased Cranial pressure - ANSWER headache, blurred vision. >15 mm Hg CSF
Multiple sclerosis - ANSWER demyelinating disorder that results in inflammation and
damage to the myelin and other cells in the CNS
Dyspahgia - ANSWER difficulty or inability to swallow. common in degenerative
neuromuscular disorders
Allostasis - ANSWER dynamic state of balance that changes according to exposure to
stressors
Allostatic load - ANSWER the wear and tear on body systems caused by stress reactions
Alarm stage - ANSWER The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, in which the
person experiences a burst of energy that aids in dealing with the stressful situation.
Resistance stage - ANSWER The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, when
Innate immunity responses - ANSWER nonspecific mechanism that defends the body
immediately against pathogens. These include the skin, mucous membranes, phagocytic
ciliated cells
Adaptive Immunity responses - ANSWER sensitive T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that
have memory for specific antigens
Active acquired adaptive immunity - ANSWER obtained through exposure to an antigen or
through immunization
Passive acquired adaptive immunity - ANSWER individual is given premade, fully formed
antibodies against an antigen
Immunocompetence - ANSWER an individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious
agent because of a competence immune system
Immunosupression - ANSWER there is a defective immune system that is placing a person
at risk for infection
Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity - ANSWER rapidly developing immune reaction,
typically an allergy
Type II Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity - ANSWER transfusion reaction in which cells from an
incompatible donor react with host Igs
Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity - ANSWER Reactions are mediated by sensitized T
lymphocytes and macrophages. It doesn't happen right away, making it hard to pinpoint
what the cause is. (Like poison ivy)
White blood cell count - ANSWER 4,500-11,000/mm3
Neutrophil count - ANSWER 1,500-8,000
CRP - ANSWER <10 indicates inflammation
Hypervolemia - ANSWER abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma in the body
Serum Sodium - ANSWER 135-145 mEq/L
Potassium - ANSWER 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Calcium - ANSWER 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
Phosphate - ANSWER 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
, Magnesium - ANSWER 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
ADH - ANSWER stimulation water reabsorption from the nephron tubule fluid at the
collecting duct into the bloodstream.
Aldosterone - ANSWER a mineralocorticoid that increases sodium and water reabsorption
into the bloodstream at the distal tubules of the nephrons
Aortic Stenosis - ANSWER narrowing of the aortic valve usually caused by sclerosis
Mitral Valve insufficiency - ANSWER when the mitral valve does not close completely
during systole. As the left ventricle contracts, blood from the ventricle refluxes back into
the atrium. This increased blood volume in the left atrium increases backward pressure
within the pulmonary veins
IBS - ANSWER alteration in GI motility is linked to central nervous system-directed motor
function of the bowel
Diverticulosis - ANSWER bowel wall has multiple weakened areas that form small
outpouchings
IBD - ANSWER chronic, transmural, inflammatory process of the bowel wall that often
leads to fibrosis and obstructive symptoms, can affect mouth to anus
Nonmechanical bowl dysfunction - ANSWER disruption of the peristalsis caused by
weakness of muscles of the bowel wall
Chronic renal failure - ANSWER irreversible progressive disease, kidney is unable to
excrete waste products or control volume statis making dialysis or a kidney transplant the
only options
Increased Cranial pressure - ANSWER headache, blurred vision. >15 mm Hg CSF
Multiple sclerosis - ANSWER demyelinating disorder that results in inflammation and
damage to the myelin and other cells in the CNS
Dyspahgia - ANSWER difficulty or inability to swallow. common in degenerative
neuromuscular disorders
Allostasis - ANSWER dynamic state of balance that changes according to exposure to
stressors
Allostatic load - ANSWER the wear and tear on body systems caused by stress reactions
Alarm stage - ANSWER The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, in which the
person experiences a burst of energy that aids in dealing with the stressful situation.
Resistance stage - ANSWER The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, when
