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Pathophysiology mExam m1
Pathophysiology m=mthemstudy mofmdiseasemat mthemcellularmlevel
Chapterm1m The mC ell mi nm Healt h mand m Illness
1. Mitochondriamand mEnergy mProduction
a. Aerobicmmetabolism
i. Glucosemto mpyruvate,mwhich menters mKrebs mcycle
ii. Net myield: m34 mATP
b. Anaerobicmmetabolism
i. Oxygen mnot mavailablem(hypoxia)
ii. Glucosemto mpyruvatemto mlacticmacid m(can maltermpH)
iii. Net myield: m2 mATP
c.
Chapterm2 m- mC ell mInj ury, mAdapt ati ons, m and m M aladapti ve mChanges
1. DiseasemEtiology
a. Etiology
i. Original mcausemofmcell malteration mormdisease
b. Etiologicmagents
i. Causes mofmthemcell malteration mormdisease
ii. Examples: minfection,mtrauma
c. Characteristicmchanges mwith mspecificmetiologicmagents
i. Examples:
1. Cold mtemperaturemcauses mfrostbite
2. Streptococcal mbacteriamcauses msoremthroat
d. In mresponsemto man metiologicmagent,mthemcell mmay…
i. Develop madaptive,mcompensatory mchanges
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ii. Develop mmaladaptivemchanges
2. BasicmCellularmAdaptations
a. Atrophy
i. Cells mrevert mto msmallermsizemduemto mreduction min mmetabolicmdemand
ii. Example:
1. paralysis mcausingmshrinkagemofmskeletal mmuscle
2. Broken marm,matrophy moccurs mbcmdisuse
b. Hypertrophy
i. Increasemin mindividual mcell mmass mormsize
ii. Types mofmhypertrophy
1. Physiological
a. Cell menlargement mwith madequatemsupportingmtissues
b. Example: menlargement mofmcardiacmcells mwith mexer
cisem training
2. Pathological
a. Increasemin mcell msize,mwithout mincreasemin msupport mstructures
b. Example: menlargement mofmheart mtissuemduemto mhypertension
c. Hypertrophy mand mAtrophy mExamples
i.
ii.
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iii.
d. Hyperplasia
i. Increasemin mnumbermofmcells
ii. Only min mcells mcapablemofmmitosis
iii. Can mresult mfrommhormonal mstimulation
1. Example: mestrogen mstimulates mgrowth mofmbreast mcells min mpregnancy
iv. May mevolveminto mmaladaptivemcompensation
1. Cell mnumbermincreases mtoo mmuch
2. Example: mkeloid mformation
a.
e. Metaplasia
i. Replacement mofmonemcell mtypemwith manother
ii. Geneticmreprogrammingmto mensuremcell msurvival
iii. Example: mGERD
1. Lowermesophageal mcells mtransformmfrommsquamous mepitheliu
mmto m columnarmstomach-likemcells
2
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iv.
f. Dysplasia
i. Dys m=mBAD
ii. Deranged mcellularmgrowth
iii. Often mamresult mofmchronicminflammation mormamprecancerous mcondition
iv. Cells mvary min msize,mshape,mand morganization mcompared mwith mnormal
v. Example: mcervical mdysplasiamdetected mbymPapanicolaou m(Pap)mtestm(the
y marem lookingmformdysplasticmcells mbcmthat mcould msuggest mcancer)
vi.
vii.
g. Neoplasia
i. <New mgrowth=
ii. Disorganized,muncoordinated,muncontrolled mcell mgrowth,m<cancerous=
iii. Neoplasm: moften minterchanged mwith mthemtermm<tumor=
3
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M 1
Pathophysiology mExam m1
Pathophysiology m=mthemstudy mofmdiseasemat mthemcellularmlevel
Chapterm1m The mC ell mi nm Healt h mand m Illness
1. Mitochondriamand mEnergy mProduction
a. Aerobicmmetabolism
i. Glucosemto mpyruvate,mwhich menters mKrebs mcycle
ii. Net myield: m34 mATP
b. Anaerobicmmetabolism
i. Oxygen mnot mavailablem(hypoxia)
ii. Glucosemto mpyruvatemto mlacticmacid m(can maltermpH)
iii. Net myield: m2 mATP
c.
Chapterm2 m- mC ell mInj ury, mAdapt ati ons, m and m M aladapti ve mChanges
1. DiseasemEtiology
a. Etiology
i. Original mcausemofmcell malteration mormdisease
b. Etiologicmagents
i. Causes mofmthemcell malteration mormdisease
ii. Examples: minfection,mtrauma
c. Characteristicmchanges mwith mspecificmetiologicmagents
i. Examples:
1. Cold mtemperaturemcauses mfrostbite
2. Streptococcal mbacteriamcauses msoremthroat
d. In mresponsemto man metiologicmagent,mthemcell mmay…
i. Develop madaptive,mcompensatory mchanges
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ii. Develop mmaladaptivemchanges
2. BasicmCellularmAdaptations
a. Atrophy
i. Cells mrevert mto msmallermsizemduemto mreduction min mmetabolicmdemand
ii. Example:
1. paralysis mcausingmshrinkagemofmskeletal mmuscle
2. Broken marm,matrophy moccurs mbcmdisuse
b. Hypertrophy
i. Increasemin mindividual mcell mmass mormsize
ii. Types mofmhypertrophy
1. Physiological
a. Cell menlargement mwith madequatemsupportingmtissues
b. Example: menlargement mofmcardiacmcells mwith mexer
cisem training
2. Pathological
a. Increasemin mcell msize,mwithout mincreasemin msupport mstructures
b. Example: menlargement mofmheart mtissuemduemto mhypertension
c. Hypertrophy mand mAtrophy mExamples
i.
ii.
1
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iii.
d. Hyperplasia
i. Increasemin mnumbermofmcells
ii. Only min mcells mcapablemofmmitosis
iii. Can mresult mfrommhormonal mstimulation
1. Example: mestrogen mstimulates mgrowth mofmbreast mcells min mpregnancy
iv. May mevolveminto mmaladaptivemcompensation
1. Cell mnumbermincreases mtoo mmuch
2. Example: mkeloid mformation
a.
e. Metaplasia
i. Replacement mofmonemcell mtypemwith manother
ii. Geneticmreprogrammingmto mensuremcell msurvival
iii. Example: mGERD
1. Lowermesophageal mcells mtransformmfrommsquamous mepitheliu
mmto m columnarmstomach-likemcells
2
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iv.
f. Dysplasia
i. Dys m=mBAD
ii. Deranged mcellularmgrowth
iii. Often mamresult mofmchronicminflammation mormamprecancerous mcondition
iv. Cells mvary min msize,mshape,mand morganization mcompared mwith mnormal
v. Example: mcervical mdysplasiamdetected mbymPapanicolaou m(Pap)mtestm(the
y marem lookingmformdysplasticmcells mbcmthat mcould msuggest mcancer)
vi.
vii.
g. Neoplasia
i. <New mgrowth=
ii. Disorganized,muncoordinated,muncontrolled mcell mgrowth,m<cancerous=
iii. Neoplasm: moften minterchanged mwith mthemtermm<tumor=
3
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