Cogs 17 Midterm 2|Questions With Correct Answers|Verified
Across Fiber Coding - ✔When a stimulus is coded through the RATIO of response
across multiple cells
Convergence (or Summation) - ✔When multiple pre-synaptic cells all communicate to
one post-synaptic cell
Divergence - ✔When one presynaptic cell communicates to many post-synaptic cells
Receptive Field - ✔Set of receptors whose actitvity influences the activity of target cell
Excitatory Center- Inhibitory Surround - ✔Type of above: stimulating center increases
target response, non-center decreases it
Topological - ✔Type of map that preserves spatial relaitonships (as along a sensory
surface)
Magnification - ✔In cortex, disproportionate enlargement of the rep. of a sensory area of
low convergence
Module - ✔An area of the brain specialized for processing one particular type of
information
The Binding Problem - ✔The problem posed by having several of the above, and yet
perceiving wholes
Retina - ✔Rear layers of neurons in the eyeball
Receptors (Rods & Cones) - ✔Cells that respond to light; show spontaneous, graded
release of inhibitory NT
Rods - ✔Above that are convergent, sensitive to motion & low light, mainly in periphery
Cones - ✔Above that connect few:1, sensitive to color & detail, dispersed plus conc'd in
center
Fovea - ✔Central area of above receptor types only, connected 1:1 for highest acuity
Bipolars - ✔Next cell in pathway, spontaneous, graded potentials, release excitatory NT
Horizontals - ✔Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in color
opponency
, Ganglions - ✔Next cell in pathway, action potentials, release excitatory NT
Optic Nerve - ✔Formed of axons of the above
Optic Disc - ✔Place where above leaves eye for brain, also called "Blind Spot"
Amacrines - ✔Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in contrast effects
Dim - ✔Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from
receptors
Bright - ✔Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from
bipolars
Acuity - ✔High-detail discrimination, as from low convergence, that retains info on diffs
Sensitivity - ✔High likelihood of detection, as from high convergence that crosses next
cell's threshold
Lateral Inhibition - ✔Cell activity resulting in release of inhibitory NT to cells orthogonal
to info pathway
Simultaneous - ✔Contrast Illusion created by above that alters perception of central
grey depending on its surround
Uni-directional - ✔Direction of inhibition (uni- or bi-directional?) in direction-senstive
motion circuit
Lateral Geniculate Nuc or LGN - ✔Nucleus in Thalamus that processes most visual
information from eye
Column - ✔In cortex, set of cells, in 6 layers, that all respond to the same preferred
stimulus
Hyper-Column - ✔In cortex, set of cells that all have same RF and include set of
orientation cols & blobs
Retinotopic Map - ✔Topological map that preserves spatial relationships found on
Retina
A1 or Striate Cortex - ✔Primary Projection area for vision in Occipital Lobe of cortex
Parvocellular Pathway - ✔Visual pathway specialized for color and detail, that "flows"
along bottom of cortex
Across Fiber Coding - ✔When a stimulus is coded through the RATIO of response
across multiple cells
Convergence (or Summation) - ✔When multiple pre-synaptic cells all communicate to
one post-synaptic cell
Divergence - ✔When one presynaptic cell communicates to many post-synaptic cells
Receptive Field - ✔Set of receptors whose actitvity influences the activity of target cell
Excitatory Center- Inhibitory Surround - ✔Type of above: stimulating center increases
target response, non-center decreases it
Topological - ✔Type of map that preserves spatial relaitonships (as along a sensory
surface)
Magnification - ✔In cortex, disproportionate enlargement of the rep. of a sensory area of
low convergence
Module - ✔An area of the brain specialized for processing one particular type of
information
The Binding Problem - ✔The problem posed by having several of the above, and yet
perceiving wholes
Retina - ✔Rear layers of neurons in the eyeball
Receptors (Rods & Cones) - ✔Cells that respond to light; show spontaneous, graded
release of inhibitory NT
Rods - ✔Above that are convergent, sensitive to motion & low light, mainly in periphery
Cones - ✔Above that connect few:1, sensitive to color & detail, dispersed plus conc'd in
center
Fovea - ✔Central area of above receptor types only, connected 1:1 for highest acuity
Bipolars - ✔Next cell in pathway, spontaneous, graded potentials, release excitatory NT
Horizontals - ✔Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in color
opponency
, Ganglions - ✔Next cell in pathway, action potentials, release excitatory NT
Optic Nerve - ✔Formed of axons of the above
Optic Disc - ✔Place where above leaves eye for brain, also called "Blind Spot"
Amacrines - ✔Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in contrast effects
Dim - ✔Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from
receptors
Bright - ✔Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from
bipolars
Acuity - ✔High-detail discrimination, as from low convergence, that retains info on diffs
Sensitivity - ✔High likelihood of detection, as from high convergence that crosses next
cell's threshold
Lateral Inhibition - ✔Cell activity resulting in release of inhibitory NT to cells orthogonal
to info pathway
Simultaneous - ✔Contrast Illusion created by above that alters perception of central
grey depending on its surround
Uni-directional - ✔Direction of inhibition (uni- or bi-directional?) in direction-senstive
motion circuit
Lateral Geniculate Nuc or LGN - ✔Nucleus in Thalamus that processes most visual
information from eye
Column - ✔In cortex, set of cells, in 6 layers, that all respond to the same preferred
stimulus
Hyper-Column - ✔In cortex, set of cells that all have same RF and include set of
orientation cols & blobs
Retinotopic Map - ✔Topological map that preserves spatial relationships found on
Retina
A1 or Striate Cortex - ✔Primary Projection area for vision in Occipital Lobe of cortex
Parvocellular Pathway - ✔Visual pathway specialized for color and detail, that "flows"
along bottom of cortex
