PBSI 306 NEW EXAM 2 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
100% VERIFIED!!
Anxiety Symptoms
Heart palpitations
Pounding heartbeat
Numbness or tingling sensations
Chills or hot flashes
Sweating
Trembling or shaking
Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
Feeling of choking
Chest pain or discomfort
Nausea and upset stomach
Dizziness, unsteadiness, lightheadedness, or faintness
4 or more symptoms must be present and come to a climax within 10 minutes in order to
qualify for a panic attack
Anxiety can be Adaptive
TRUE. It's like an alarm that signals we must do something.
- Without some symptoms of anxiety we would be in trouble, because anxiety prepares
us to react to situations (fight or flight). If you see a tiger in the bathroom, your body
reacts and prepares you to flee.
Fight-or-Flight Response
,In the body, feelings of arousal and fear happen because of activation of the brain
structure called the HYPOTHALAMUS (from the amygdala's signal).
What two important systems are activated by the hypothalamus during the
Fight-or-Flight Response?
The hypothalamus, in turn, activates two important systems:
1) The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), which includes the sympathetic nervous
system and the parasympathetic nervous system
2) The Endocrine System (Hormone System)
Sympathetic Nervous System
"FIGHT OR FLIGHT" primes us to fight or flee the situation; regulates stress response ->
increased heart rate, activates sweat glands, constricts blood vessels, dilate pupils,
inhibits digestion
Parasympathetic Nervous System
REST-AND-DIGEST", regulates activities that occur when the body is at rest; when the
perceived danger passes, the parasympathetic NS helps the body return to body
processes to normal
The Endocrine System (Hormone System)
1. It promotes the release of endorphins (epinephrine & norepinephrine) = adrenaline;
gets released during fight-or-flight response and is crucial component (increased hr,
metabolic shifts)
2. It also promotes the release of cortisol: increases blood sugar (so we have more
energy to fight or run away from danger), also suppresses immune system so energy of
body can be used toward other functions
,What hormones are involved in the flight-or-fight response?
Adrenaline (epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and cortisol
Process of Fight-or-Flight
The hypothalamus also activates...
-The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway by releasing corticotropin-release
factor. This causes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), the body's
major stress hormone
- ACTH activates the adrenal glands, causing them to release of cortisol, which we know
to be a stress hormone and endorphins/adrenaline into the blood stream. This leads to
changes in internal organs and muscles.
Process of Fight-or-Flight
EX: Stressor: seeing a tiger in your bathroom
Immediately, your amygdala activates your hypothalamus!
- The hypothalamus then activates two systems; one is the sympathetic nervous system;
"the fight or flight" system
- The sympathetic nervous system stimulates key organs to prepare them for fight or
flight. It does things like dialate pupils and opens up the lungs, to prepare us for
detecting and running away from danger. It also inhibits the use of organs that are not
necessary for the fight or flight process, like the stomach and the pancreas.
Hypothalamus activates the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, which primes the
body's organs to react to threat by doing things like...
, Dilating pupils and opening up lungs
(to prepare us for detecting and running away from danger, also inhibits the use of
organs that are not necessary for the fight or flight process, like the stomach and the
pancreas)
Hypothalamus also activates the HPA axis (pathway) which causes the pituitary gland to
release...
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormones)
HPA axis → pituitary gland releases ACTH !!**
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) causes the adrenal gland to release...
CORTISOL, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
ACTH → adrenal gland releases CORTISOL, epinephrine, & norepinephrine !! **
- Leads to changes in internal organs and muscles
Adaptive means what?
That the symptoms help you adapt, or be competent, in a certain situation
Maladaptive means what?
The opposite of adaptive; it means that the symptoms make your functioning worse in a
certain situation.
100% VERIFIED!!
Anxiety Symptoms
Heart palpitations
Pounding heartbeat
Numbness or tingling sensations
Chills or hot flashes
Sweating
Trembling or shaking
Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
Feeling of choking
Chest pain or discomfort
Nausea and upset stomach
Dizziness, unsteadiness, lightheadedness, or faintness
4 or more symptoms must be present and come to a climax within 10 minutes in order to
qualify for a panic attack
Anxiety can be Adaptive
TRUE. It's like an alarm that signals we must do something.
- Without some symptoms of anxiety we would be in trouble, because anxiety prepares
us to react to situations (fight or flight). If you see a tiger in the bathroom, your body
reacts and prepares you to flee.
Fight-or-Flight Response
,In the body, feelings of arousal and fear happen because of activation of the brain
structure called the HYPOTHALAMUS (from the amygdala's signal).
What two important systems are activated by the hypothalamus during the
Fight-or-Flight Response?
The hypothalamus, in turn, activates two important systems:
1) The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), which includes the sympathetic nervous
system and the parasympathetic nervous system
2) The Endocrine System (Hormone System)
Sympathetic Nervous System
"FIGHT OR FLIGHT" primes us to fight or flee the situation; regulates stress response ->
increased heart rate, activates sweat glands, constricts blood vessels, dilate pupils,
inhibits digestion
Parasympathetic Nervous System
REST-AND-DIGEST", regulates activities that occur when the body is at rest; when the
perceived danger passes, the parasympathetic NS helps the body return to body
processes to normal
The Endocrine System (Hormone System)
1. It promotes the release of endorphins (epinephrine & norepinephrine) = adrenaline;
gets released during fight-or-flight response and is crucial component (increased hr,
metabolic shifts)
2. It also promotes the release of cortisol: increases blood sugar (so we have more
energy to fight or run away from danger), also suppresses immune system so energy of
body can be used toward other functions
,What hormones are involved in the flight-or-fight response?
Adrenaline (epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and cortisol
Process of Fight-or-Flight
The hypothalamus also activates...
-The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway by releasing corticotropin-release
factor. This causes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), the body's
major stress hormone
- ACTH activates the adrenal glands, causing them to release of cortisol, which we know
to be a stress hormone and endorphins/adrenaline into the blood stream. This leads to
changes in internal organs and muscles.
Process of Fight-or-Flight
EX: Stressor: seeing a tiger in your bathroom
Immediately, your amygdala activates your hypothalamus!
- The hypothalamus then activates two systems; one is the sympathetic nervous system;
"the fight or flight" system
- The sympathetic nervous system stimulates key organs to prepare them for fight or
flight. It does things like dialate pupils and opens up the lungs, to prepare us for
detecting and running away from danger. It also inhibits the use of organs that are not
necessary for the fight or flight process, like the stomach and the pancreas.
Hypothalamus activates the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, which primes the
body's organs to react to threat by doing things like...
, Dilating pupils and opening up lungs
(to prepare us for detecting and running away from danger, also inhibits the use of
organs that are not necessary for the fight or flight process, like the stomach and the
pancreas)
Hypothalamus also activates the HPA axis (pathway) which causes the pituitary gland to
release...
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormones)
HPA axis → pituitary gland releases ACTH !!**
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) causes the adrenal gland to release...
CORTISOL, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
ACTH → adrenal gland releases CORTISOL, epinephrine, & norepinephrine !! **
- Leads to changes in internal organs and muscles
Adaptive means what?
That the symptoms help you adapt, or be competent, in a certain situation
Maladaptive means what?
The opposite of adaptive; it means that the symptoms make your functioning worse in a
certain situation.
