PBSI 306 EXAM 2 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED!!
PTSD diagnostic criteria
symptoms must remain present for 1+ month(s)
PTSD dissociative symptoms
depersonalization: recurrent experiences of feeling detached from body
derealization: recurrent experiences that the world is unreal, dreamlike
PTSD prevalence
lifetime in US is 6.8%
females- higher rates and longer duration (9.7 vs 3.6%)
highest rates among survivors of military combat, rape, politically or ethnically
motivated internment
PTSD comorbidities
80% more likely to have at lease one other diagnosis (depressive, bipolar, anxiety,
substance abuse)
OEF/OIF combat veterans: 48% also have mild traumatic brain injury
children: comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Separation Anxiety Disorder
,Why does PTSD develop?
brain has difficulty distinguishing between actual danger and reminders of danger
SAM system (sympatho-adreno-medullary)
fight-flight-freeze response
smoke alarm, we need it to go off even if there is no smoke; starts going off when there
is not enough smoke
risk factors for exposure to trauma
- occupation
- male gender
- lack of college education
- family disorders
- high in extraversion and neuroticism
risk factors for PTSD
- female gender
- high levels of neuroticism
- preexisting depression or anxiety
- family history
,- low social support
causal factors for PTSD
biological
- gender
- genetics
- reduced size of hippocampus
sociocultural
- membership in minority group
- returning to negative social environment
PTSD treatment
pharmacotherapy
- management of most acute anxiety and depressive symptoms
psychotherapy
, - prolonged exposure: gold standard, dropout rate is high
- cognitive processing therapy: analyzing thoughts and emotions
- cognitive behavioral conjoint therapy (CBT): couples based intervention, helps
partners understand what is triggering and to stop enabling avoidance behavior
What do we know about the impact of relationships and social support on PTSD? Can
emotional traumas cause PTSD symptoms?
- higher rates of diagnosis following interpersonal traumas, low social support is a risk
factor
- supportive environment is protective factor and helpful for treatment
- intimate relationship or emotional injuries can cause PTSD symptoms
- high lifetime prevalence for sexual infidelity (21% of men 11% of women)
How is anxiety different from fear?
- anxiety is a state of alarm in response to vague sense of danger
- fear is state of alarm in response to an immediate threat
anxiety disorders comorbidities
another anxiety disorder or depression
PTSD diagnostic criteria
symptoms must remain present for 1+ month(s)
PTSD dissociative symptoms
depersonalization: recurrent experiences of feeling detached from body
derealization: recurrent experiences that the world is unreal, dreamlike
PTSD prevalence
lifetime in US is 6.8%
females- higher rates and longer duration (9.7 vs 3.6%)
highest rates among survivors of military combat, rape, politically or ethnically
motivated internment
PTSD comorbidities
80% more likely to have at lease one other diagnosis (depressive, bipolar, anxiety,
substance abuse)
OEF/OIF combat veterans: 48% also have mild traumatic brain injury
children: comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Separation Anxiety Disorder
,Why does PTSD develop?
brain has difficulty distinguishing between actual danger and reminders of danger
SAM system (sympatho-adreno-medullary)
fight-flight-freeze response
smoke alarm, we need it to go off even if there is no smoke; starts going off when there
is not enough smoke
risk factors for exposure to trauma
- occupation
- male gender
- lack of college education
- family disorders
- high in extraversion and neuroticism
risk factors for PTSD
- female gender
- high levels of neuroticism
- preexisting depression or anxiety
- family history
,- low social support
causal factors for PTSD
biological
- gender
- genetics
- reduced size of hippocampus
sociocultural
- membership in minority group
- returning to negative social environment
PTSD treatment
pharmacotherapy
- management of most acute anxiety and depressive symptoms
psychotherapy
, - prolonged exposure: gold standard, dropout rate is high
- cognitive processing therapy: analyzing thoughts and emotions
- cognitive behavioral conjoint therapy (CBT): couples based intervention, helps
partners understand what is triggering and to stop enabling avoidance behavior
What do we know about the impact of relationships and social support on PTSD? Can
emotional traumas cause PTSD symptoms?
- higher rates of diagnosis following interpersonal traumas, low social support is a risk
factor
- supportive environment is protective factor and helpful for treatment
- intimate relationship or emotional injuries can cause PTSD symptoms
- high lifetime prevalence for sexual infidelity (21% of men 11% of women)
How is anxiety different from fear?
- anxiety is a state of alarm in response to vague sense of danger
- fear is state of alarm in response to an immediate threat
anxiety disorders comorbidities
another anxiety disorder or depression
