AUA Foundations Week 1
water - answer Also known as H2O
It is a solvent
Acts as a solvent when it forms hydrogen bonds with polar compounds
Osmolarity - answer total concentration of all solute particles in solution
Osmotic pressure - answer the forces it takes to keep the same amount of water on
both sides of the membrane.
Dipolar molecule - answer uneven sharing of electrons between the atoms of a
molecule
Intracellular - answer Inside the cell
Extracellular - answer Outside the cell
Water movement - answer water is able to move freely across the semiportable
compartment of the intercellular and extracellular membrane. other molecules cannot
move
Polar solute - answerdissolves in water
Organic molecules and inorganic salts in water - answersalts and organic molecules
dissolve readily in water because of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction with
the molecules
electrostatic interactions - answerinteraction between the positive nuclei and a negative
charge electron.
Strength and Movement of water - answerHydrogen bonding is strong enough to
dissolve polar molecules and sperate charges, but week enough to allow movement of
water and solutes
intracellular - answer60% of the total body water is
Extracellular - answer40% of the total body water is
water lattice - answerhydrogen bonds between water molecules and polar solutes
continuously disassociate and reform in order to let solute pass through water and water
to pass through channels in cellular membranes
,strong biological bonding - answercovalent bond
ionic bond
co-ordinate covalent bond
weak biological bonding - answerhydrogen bonds
hydrophobic interactions
ionic bond - answerbond between metals and nonmetals example: salt bridges in
proteins
covalent bond - answerbond between nonmetal and nonmetal. strong bonds. they allow
a lot of energy to break down covalent bond example: peptide bonds.
Co-ordinate covalent bond - answer2 centers
2 electron covalent bond in which 2 elections derived from the same atom. example
heme
4 types of covalent bonds - answerpeptide bonds
glyosidic bonds
ester bonds
phosphodiester bonds
peptide bonds - answerBonds between amino acids
carboxyl (COOH) to Amino (NH2)
glycosidic bond - answerbond between carbohydrates
bond between hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide can react
with an OH or NH of another compound
ester bond - answer1. bond between an acid and an alcohol.
2. seen in fats and lipids.
3. esterases/lipases are enzymes that break down these bonds
phosphodister bond - answer1. present is nucleic acid: DNA and RNA.
2. OH group bonds to the Phosphoric group of the nucleotide
hydrogen bond - answer1. weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom.
2. In peptide bonds H bonds with the amino group and the carbonyl group.
3.
dehydration reaction - answerA chemical reaction in which molecules combine by
removing water
Hydrolysis - answerBreaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Hydrolases - answercatalyze cleavage with the addition of water
, Hydrophobic - answerwater hating
like dissolves like
usually located on the interior
hydrophillic - answerwater loving
ampathic - answerhydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
functional group - answerC, P, N, O, S
Tells us what kind of reaction can take place.
R group - answeralso known as the side change. tells us what kind of function/role does
the protein have
Isomers - answerTwo different molecules that have the same chemical formula
optical isomers - answerdifferent in orientation around the asymmetric carbon
Enantiomers - answerisomers that are mirror images of each other
geometric isomers - answerCompounds that have the same molecular formula but differ
in the spatial arrangements of their atoms. cis or trans
Epimers - answerA subtype of diastereomers that differ in absolute configuration at
exactly one chiral carbon
Oxidation - answerloss of an electron. H and replaced by O O2
reduction - answergain of electrons. loss of O2 and O and gain of H
Polyols - answermore than 2 hydroxyl group
reduced sugar - answersugar can be reduced at the aldehyde, ketone or at a carbon
with an hydroxyl group
sugars will become polyol like sorbitol If - answerif the aldehyde or ketone of a sugar is
reduced
reducing sugars - answerif the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of a cyclized is
not linked to another compound by glyosidic bond it can open and become a reducing
sugar
all unmodified monosaccharides, but not all disaccharides are - answerreducing sugars
water - answer Also known as H2O
It is a solvent
Acts as a solvent when it forms hydrogen bonds with polar compounds
Osmolarity - answer total concentration of all solute particles in solution
Osmotic pressure - answer the forces it takes to keep the same amount of water on
both sides of the membrane.
Dipolar molecule - answer uneven sharing of electrons between the atoms of a
molecule
Intracellular - answer Inside the cell
Extracellular - answer Outside the cell
Water movement - answer water is able to move freely across the semiportable
compartment of the intercellular and extracellular membrane. other molecules cannot
move
Polar solute - answerdissolves in water
Organic molecules and inorganic salts in water - answersalts and organic molecules
dissolve readily in water because of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction with
the molecules
electrostatic interactions - answerinteraction between the positive nuclei and a negative
charge electron.
Strength and Movement of water - answerHydrogen bonding is strong enough to
dissolve polar molecules and sperate charges, but week enough to allow movement of
water and solutes
intracellular - answer60% of the total body water is
Extracellular - answer40% of the total body water is
water lattice - answerhydrogen bonds between water molecules and polar solutes
continuously disassociate and reform in order to let solute pass through water and water
to pass through channels in cellular membranes
,strong biological bonding - answercovalent bond
ionic bond
co-ordinate covalent bond
weak biological bonding - answerhydrogen bonds
hydrophobic interactions
ionic bond - answerbond between metals and nonmetals example: salt bridges in
proteins
covalent bond - answerbond between nonmetal and nonmetal. strong bonds. they allow
a lot of energy to break down covalent bond example: peptide bonds.
Co-ordinate covalent bond - answer2 centers
2 electron covalent bond in which 2 elections derived from the same atom. example
heme
4 types of covalent bonds - answerpeptide bonds
glyosidic bonds
ester bonds
phosphodiester bonds
peptide bonds - answerBonds between amino acids
carboxyl (COOH) to Amino (NH2)
glycosidic bond - answerbond between carbohydrates
bond between hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide can react
with an OH or NH of another compound
ester bond - answer1. bond between an acid and an alcohol.
2. seen in fats and lipids.
3. esterases/lipases are enzymes that break down these bonds
phosphodister bond - answer1. present is nucleic acid: DNA and RNA.
2. OH group bonds to the Phosphoric group of the nucleotide
hydrogen bond - answer1. weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom.
2. In peptide bonds H bonds with the amino group and the carbonyl group.
3.
dehydration reaction - answerA chemical reaction in which molecules combine by
removing water
Hydrolysis - answerBreaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Hydrolases - answercatalyze cleavage with the addition of water
, Hydrophobic - answerwater hating
like dissolves like
usually located on the interior
hydrophillic - answerwater loving
ampathic - answerhydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
functional group - answerC, P, N, O, S
Tells us what kind of reaction can take place.
R group - answeralso known as the side change. tells us what kind of function/role does
the protein have
Isomers - answerTwo different molecules that have the same chemical formula
optical isomers - answerdifferent in orientation around the asymmetric carbon
Enantiomers - answerisomers that are mirror images of each other
geometric isomers - answerCompounds that have the same molecular formula but differ
in the spatial arrangements of their atoms. cis or trans
Epimers - answerA subtype of diastereomers that differ in absolute configuration at
exactly one chiral carbon
Oxidation - answerloss of an electron. H and replaced by O O2
reduction - answergain of electrons. loss of O2 and O and gain of H
Polyols - answermore than 2 hydroxyl group
reduced sugar - answersugar can be reduced at the aldehyde, ketone or at a carbon
with an hydroxyl group
sugars will become polyol like sorbitol If - answerif the aldehyde or ketone of a sugar is
reduced
reducing sugars - answerif the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of a cyclized is
not linked to another compound by glyosidic bond it can open and become a reducing
sugar
all unmodified monosaccharides, but not all disaccharides are - answerreducing sugars
