HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL 2025
EXAM STUDY GUIDE
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
QUESTION 1
True or false: isotype switching of antibodies will affect the affinity of the antibody
- ANSWERS-False
QUESTION 2
Isotype switching alters what specific part of the antibody - ANSWERS-The heavy
chain
QUESTION 3
In general, how does antibody isotype switching occur - ANSWERS-T follicular
helper cells send signals to B cells that cause heavy chain gene rearrangement (in
the constant region of the gene)
QUESTION 4
Which type of antibodies are most effective at neutralization? - ANSWERS-IgG
and IgA
QUESTION 5
Which type of antibody is most likely to activate mast cells - ANSWERS-IgE
END OF
PAGE 1
, HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL 2025
EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTION 6
Somatic hypermutation - ANSWERS-Mutations that occur in the VDJ region of
antibody genes as part of germinal center reaction
QUESTION 7
where in the body can activated helper T cells function - ANSWERS-1) in lymph
node for the germinal reaction 2) in infected tissues to help fight infection
QUESTION 8
What do helper T cells do in infected tissues - ANSWERS-Release cytokines that
act on other immune cells such as DCs, macrophages, neutrophils
QUESTION 9
What cytokine do Th1 cells make and what does it do - ANSWERS-Interferon
gamma; activates macrophages to kill intracellular microbes
QUESTION 10
END OF
PAGE 2
, HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL 2025
EXAM STUDY GUIDE
What cytokines to Th2 cells make and what do they do - ANSWERS-IL-4, IL-5,
IL-13; IL-5 activates eosinophils, other two activate gut tissue to expel worms
QUESTION 11
What cytokine do Th17 cells make and what does it do - ANSWERS-IL-17;
induces acute inflammation and leads to production of defensins to kill
extracellular microbes (will bind to pathogens and kill them - can work on outside
of epithelial barrier)
QUESTION 12
Excessive activation of Th1 cells can cause what? - ANSWERS-Granulomas -
large amount of macrophages surrounded by activated Th1 cells, can cause
swelling and damage (eg. tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, cron's disease)
QUESTION 13
What diseases are characterized by granulomas - ANSWERS-Tuberculosis,
sarcoidosis, Cron's Disease
QUESTION 14
Excessive activation of Th17 cells can cause what? And what diseases? -
ANSWERS-inflammation and tissue damage; multiple sclerosis, Ulcerative colitis,
END OF
PAGE 3
EXAM STUDY GUIDE
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
QUESTION 1
True or false: isotype switching of antibodies will affect the affinity of the antibody
- ANSWERS-False
QUESTION 2
Isotype switching alters what specific part of the antibody - ANSWERS-The heavy
chain
QUESTION 3
In general, how does antibody isotype switching occur - ANSWERS-T follicular
helper cells send signals to B cells that cause heavy chain gene rearrangement (in
the constant region of the gene)
QUESTION 4
Which type of antibodies are most effective at neutralization? - ANSWERS-IgG
and IgA
QUESTION 5
Which type of antibody is most likely to activate mast cells - ANSWERS-IgE
END OF
PAGE 1
, HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL 2025
EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTION 6
Somatic hypermutation - ANSWERS-Mutations that occur in the VDJ region of
antibody genes as part of germinal center reaction
QUESTION 7
where in the body can activated helper T cells function - ANSWERS-1) in lymph
node for the germinal reaction 2) in infected tissues to help fight infection
QUESTION 8
What do helper T cells do in infected tissues - ANSWERS-Release cytokines that
act on other immune cells such as DCs, macrophages, neutrophils
QUESTION 9
What cytokine do Th1 cells make and what does it do - ANSWERS-Interferon
gamma; activates macrophages to kill intracellular microbes
QUESTION 10
END OF
PAGE 2
, HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL 2025
EXAM STUDY GUIDE
What cytokines to Th2 cells make and what do they do - ANSWERS-IL-4, IL-5,
IL-13; IL-5 activates eosinophils, other two activate gut tissue to expel worms
QUESTION 11
What cytokine do Th17 cells make and what does it do - ANSWERS-IL-17;
induces acute inflammation and leads to production of defensins to kill
extracellular microbes (will bind to pathogens and kill them - can work on outside
of epithelial barrier)
QUESTION 12
Excessive activation of Th1 cells can cause what? - ANSWERS-Granulomas -
large amount of macrophages surrounded by activated Th1 cells, can cause
swelling and damage (eg. tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, cron's disease)
QUESTION 13
What diseases are characterized by granulomas - ANSWERS-Tuberculosis,
sarcoidosis, Cron's Disease
QUESTION 14
Excessive activation of Th17 cells can cause what? And what diseases? -
ANSWERS-inflammation and tissue damage; multiple sclerosis, Ulcerative colitis,
END OF
PAGE 3
