behavioral psychology exam #2 with 100% correct answers

reinforcer something that increases the likelihood that a specific behavior or response will occur operant conditioning a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior; an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior positive reinforcement involves the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future. Add to increase behavior. indirect assessment Assessment that relies on information from others. The information on the problem behavior, antecedents, and consequences is not derived from direct observation but from retrospective report in interviews and questionnaires. direct assessment a person observes and records the target behavior as it occurs premack principle some behavior that happens reliably (or without interference by a researcher), can be used as a reinforcer for a behavior that occurs less reliably. preference assessment Aims to identify an individual's favorite things so that they can be used as rewards or potential "reinforcers" for desired behavior. consumable reinforcer kind of reinforcement that can be eaten activity/manipulative reinforcer reinforcement when the participant gets to do an activity, play, or spend time doing something they enjoy possessional reinforcer something that the subject can possess social reinforcer reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person 4 kinds of positive reinforcers consumable, activity/manipulative, possesional, social deprivation not enough of a reinforcer satiation no longer meaningful because you have too much of the reinforcer motivating operations events or conditions that alter the effectiveness/frequency of a reinforcer contingent behavior must occur before you get the reinforcer noncontingent it doesn't matter what behavior occurs, you still get the reinforcer conditioned reinforcer learned; can be delivered more quickly, can bridge gaps, simple vs generalized conditioned reinforcers. EX) conditioned reinforcer=tickets backup reinforcer=prize unconditioned reinforcer biological need; food, water, sex, physical comfort, sleep simple conditioned reinforcer A conditioned reinforcer that is paired with a single backup reinforcer; you can turn it in for only one thing generalized conditioned reinforcer A conditioned reinforcer that has been learned, it has no reinforcement on its own. You can turn it in for a backup reinforcer. timeout is classified as what (pos/neg reward/punishment) ____ is classified as negative punishment because you're removing a rewarding environment and removing a stimulus to decrease the behavior. punishment a penalty is inflicted; there is an undesirable or unpleasant outcome positive punishment immediate, response contingent presentation of an aversive condition that decreases the future frequency of the behavior that proceeded it. ADD stimulus to DECREASE behavior. negative punishment immediate, response contingent removal of a pleasant condition that decreases the future frequency of the behavior that proceeded it. TAKE AWAY a stimulus to DECREASE the behavior. negative reinforcement do a behavior to get something removed; remove stimulus to increase behavior. types of positive punishment physical (aversive; unconditioned), reprimand (verbal or expressional) types of negative punishment time out and response cost types of negative reinforecement escape and avoidance difference between punishment vs reinforcement punishment removes some aversive behavior, reinforcement encourages some good behavior. pitfalls of punishment punishment may elicit affective responces like crying/fear; tends to elicit aggression; stimulus associated with the punisher may become a conditioned punisher; observational learning; punishment does not facilitate the development of appropriate behaviors (just says whats incorrect) Consider punishment ONLY IF... the behavior is maladaptive and is in the clients best interest; need to suppress a behavior quickly; provided consent; intervention meets ethical standards; applied under strict guidelines; includes safeguards to protect client; all other techniques used have failed types of punishment reprimand, physical, response cost, time out, response blocking reprimand reprove sharply with authority physical punishment intended to cause pain