Behavioral Psychology Final exam with complete verified solutions

Acrostic a mnemonic device that consists of a verse, whereby the first letter in each word stands for something else What are the various types of amnesia Organic Retrograde Anterograde Organic Amnesia the loss of memory due to biological factors such as brain disorders, tumors, strokes, degenerative diseases, or any other of a multitude of other disruptions of neurological function. Retrograde Amnesia where someone is unable to recall events that occurred before the development of the amnesia, even though they may be able to encode and memorize new things that occur after the onset. Anterograde Amnesia a selective memory deficit, resulting from brain injury, in which the individual is severely impaired in learning new information. Memories for events that occurred before the injury may be largely spared, but events that occurred since the injury may be lost Amygdala A small limbic system structure located next to the hippocampus in the brain that plays an important role in the expression in anger, rage, fear, and aggressive behavior. Amygdala Animal research has demonstrated that the _______ is essential for the development of conditioned fear responses. Anxiety disorder Generalized feeling of dread or apprehension typically accompanied by a variety of physiological reactions. Antidepressants psychiatric medications given to patients with depressive disorders to alleviate symptoms. They correct chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain which probably cause changes in mood and behavior. TCAs MAOIs SSRIs SNRIs Anti-Manic Drugs Drugs used to control the symptoms of bipolar disorder Lithium is used, but has many side affects Many clinicians prefer to use anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in treating bipolar disorders Antianxiety Drugs Drugs used to reduce symptoms of anxiety and tension in disorders that are not severe enough to warrant hospitalization Barbituates and benzodiazepines Antipsychotic Drug Drugs that are used to treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia ex. Thorazine (widely used medication since being introduced in the 1950s) These medications calm and quiet the patients, the newer medications have less movement related side effects. Attribution Bias or theory Theory that we attempt to make sense out of other peoples behavior by attributing it to either dispositional causes or external causes. "Someone who is tall is a basketball player" Basal Ganglia Behavior Therapy Therapies based on the theory of classical conditioning. The premise is that all behavior is learned; faulty learning (i.e. conditioning) is the cause of abnormal behavior. Therefore the individual has to learn the correct or acceptable behavior. Bipolar Disorder Mood disorder characterized by intermittent episodes of both depression and mania. Catatonic a type (or subtype) of schizophrenia that includes extremes of behavior. At one end of the extreme the patient cannot speak, move or respond - there is a dramatic reduction in activity where virtually all movement stops, as in a catatonic stupor. Central Nervous System Part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. Cerebellum Located behind the top part of the brain stem (where the spinal cord meets the brain) and is made of two hemispheres (halves). Receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. Classical Conditioning Also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that already produces a response. Conformity behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards. Cognitive dissonance theory In this theory there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance Cognitive Theory An approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought processes. Jung Who was a very vocal critic of Freud? Delusion An exaggerated and rigidly held belief that has little or no basis in fact Discriminative Stimulus In operant conditioning, a stimulus that controls a response by singling the availability of reinforcement. Displacement Satisfying an impulse (e.g aggression) with a substitute object. Disorganized Type of schizophrenia in which behavior is disturbed and has no purpose. Dopamine A neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers. Deficiency results in Parkinson's Disease, and people with low dopamine activity may be more prone to addiction. Escape Conditioning This conditioning occurs when the animal learns to perform an operant to terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus Eidetic Marked by or involving extraordinarily accurate and vivid recall especially of visual images. (think photographic memory) Extinction The process by which a conditioned response is eliminated through repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.