AP Psychology Prologue/ Chapter 1

Wilhelm Wundt - answer-The first man of psychology. Started it in 1879 when conducted experiment about hearing and being aware of it. Structuralism - answer-Early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind. Functionalism - answer-school of our mental and behavioral processes function --how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. counsciouness serves a function. Edward Bradford Titchener - answer-Edward Bradford Titchener aiemd to discover the structural elements of the mind through introspection. He introduced structuralism. Introspection - answer-Self-reflection, looking inward. Charles Darwin - answer-evolutionary theorist William James - answer-Harvard psychology professor. Impish, outgoing, joyous. Admitted first female student. Mary Calkins - answer-First female student in psychology, earning first female PhD. in psychology. Ivan Pavlov - answer-pioneered the study of learning. Sigmund Freud - answer-developed an influential theory of personality. Jean Piaget - answer-influential observer of children Psychology - answer-the science of behavior and mental processes Behaviorists - answer-the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Humanistic Psychology - answer-historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth. Abraham Maslow - answer-developed the Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Was a humanistic psychologist, emphasized the imporance of current environment influences on our growth potential, and the importandce of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied. Carl Rogers - answer-Humanistic psychologist. Behavior - answer-How an animal or human acts cognitive neuroscience - answer-interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition: perception, thinking, memory, and language. nature-nuture-issue - answer-controversy of relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. natural selection - answer-principle that inherited traits will most likely pass on to succeeding generations if contributing to reproduction and survival. levels of analysis - answer-different complementary views (biological, psychological, social-cultural,...) for analyzing phenomenons. biopsychosocial approach - answer-intergrated approach incorporating the biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis neuroscience - answer-how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences evolutionary - answer-how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes behavir genetics - answer-how much our gens and our environment influence our individual differences psychodynamic - answer-how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts behavioral - answer-how we learn observable responses cognitive - answer-how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information social-cultural - answer-how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures applied research - answer-scientific study aiming to solve practical problems. counseling psychologists - answer-branch that assists people with problems in livin and in achieving greater well-being. clinical psychologists - answer-branch that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. psychiatry - answer-branch of MEDICINE dealing with psychological disorders. provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy basic research - answer-pure science that aims to increase scientific knowledge base hindsight bias - answer-I-Knew-It-All-Along phenomenon. tendency to believe one would have forseen something AFTER learning the outcome scientific attitude - answer-curiosity, skepticism, humility. critical thinking - answer-smart thinking examines assupmtions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. theory - answer-explains by integrated set of principles to organize observations and predict behavior or events. hypothesis - answer-testable predicions. An idea we can test. operational definition - answer-statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables. replicate - answer-repeating the essence of research study with different participants in different situations. scientific method - answer-self-correcting process for asking questions and ovserving nature's answers case study - answer-examines one individual in depth to reveal truths about all. survey - answer-examines many cases with less depth. asks people to report behavior or opinion. random sampling - answer-everyone in entire group has equal chance of participation. population - answer-all cases of a group being studied naturalistic observations - answer-observing behavior in natural environment without control or manipulation of the environment correlate - answer-measure of the extent to which two factors vary with each other. helps in predictions correlational coefficient - answer-Correlation does not prove causation. statistical measure of relationship between two variables. scatterplots - answer-cluster of dots with each dot representing valueds of two variables. illusory correlation - answer-a perceived but non-existent correlation between two variables. experiment - answer-research method where researcher manipulates variables to observe effect. random assignment - answer-*Different from random sampling. assigning participants to experimental/control group by chance. double-blind procedure - answer-experimental procedure in which both the research participants and research staff are ignorant to whether the participants are receiving the treatment or placebo. placebo effect - answer-experimental result caused by expectations alones. effect on behavior caused by inert substance, which participant assumes is active agent. experimental group - answer-group exposed to treatment, a version of independent variable in an experiment. control group - answer-group not exposed to treatment. serves as a comparison for evaluation of treatment. independent variable - answer-variable being manipulated. Variable whose effect is being studied dependent variable - answer-the outcome. Variable that can change due to manipulation of independent variable. BE SKEPTICAL - answer-Think smart mode - answer-a measure of central tendency. the most frequently occurring score/scores median - answer-measure of central tendency. the midpoint, 50th percentile. Half above and half below. mean - answer-measure of central tendency. arithmetic average. The sum of all scores divided by number of scores. range - answer-measure of variation. gap between lowest and highest score. standard deviation - answer-measure of variation. how scores vary around the mean. normal curve - answer-symmetrical bell-shaped curve. 68-95-99.5 for one-two-three standard deviations away from the mean. Reliable observed difference - answer-1. Representative samples 2. Less-variable observations. cases, larger sample