UGBA 105 questions with verified solutions 2023/2024

UGBA 105What is a theory and how do theories and models work? - correct answer A theory is a model, map, or framework that tries to explain how the world works Models simplify reality to what the observer is most interested in so that you can make observations and notice patterns Learning - correct answer relatively permanent change in knowledge of behavior that results from practice or experience Operant conditioning: - correct answer learning that takes place when learner recognizes the connection between a behavior and its consequences ABCs of changing behavior - correct answer Antecedent: instructions, rules, goals, advice, from other members of an organization and anything that informs employee about consequences for various actions Behaviors: the action that follows the antecedent Consequences: rewards and punishments in response to the behavior Law of effect: - correct answer relation between consequence and behavior, works consciously and unconsciously positive reinforcement - correct answer positive consequence is given when desired behavior is performed negative reinforcement - correct answer negative consequence is removed when desired behavior is performed continuous reinforcement - correct answer reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs Can result in faster learning than partial but if reinforcement stops then reinforced behaviors stop occurring more quickly than partially reinforced behaviors partial reinforcement - correct answer behavior is reinforced intermittently fixed-interval schedule - correct answer in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed Variable interval schedule: - correct answer amount of time between reinforcements varies around a constant average Fixed-ratio schedule: - correct answer for reinforcement requires a certain number of desired behaviors before the reinforcement is provided Variable-ratio schedule: - correct answer number of desired behaviors that must occur before reinforcement varies around a constant average positive punishment: - correct answer give something they don't like (keep asking them to clean) negative punishment: - correct answer take away something they like (example from online: A child kicks a peer (behavior), and is removed from his/her favorite activity (reinforcing stimulus removed)) unintended consequences of punishment - correct answer Punishment alone doesn't tell people what to do Tells them what not to do Provide employees with a desired behavior in place of the undesired behavior Usually more ways to do something wrong than doing it right People are more cognitive than animals Might learn the wrong thing If you are punishing sleeping at work They might learn to hide better when sleeping at work Can damage relationship between punish and punisher