EIP Final Exam questions with accurate answers, 100% verified. Graded A What is the difference between a survey and an experiment? - -Survey-provide a quantitative/numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sampl

EIP Final Exam questions with accurate answers, 100% verified. Graded A What is the difference between a survey and an experiment? - -Survey-provide a quantitative/numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population; generalize/draw inferences to the population -Experiment-also study a sample and generalize to the population, but tests the impact of a treatment (or intervention) on an outcome, controlling for all other factors that might influence that outcome What guides the study design? - the research question when doing a survey design, what are the checklist criteria to look at? - -check the purpose -cross sectional vs longitudinal -form of data collection -random sample vs convenience sample -stratification -sample size -instrumentation what is the difference between cross sectional and longitudinal? - cross sectional is data collected at one point in time. longitudinal is data collected over time. what is the difference between a random sample and a convenience sample? - random-each individual in the population as equal probability of being selected. convenience-respondents are chosen based on their convenience and availability. what does stratification mean? - -Means that specific characteristics of an individual (ex. gender) are represented in the sample and the sample reflects true proportions in the population of individuals with certain characteristics -Requires that characteristics of the population members be known so that the population can be stratified first before selecting the sample Sample size is usually based off what? - selected a fraction of the population or margin of error they are willing to tolerate. Study is only as good as the ___ and ___. - reliability and validity the larger the sample size, the more you are able to gain meaningful information. T or F? - true What is a power analysis? - method used to calculate how many participants are in a study; based on prior studies on certain topic or run through by a calculator. What is the difference between independent and dependent variables? - o Independent variables-what you do (program) o Dependent variables-outcomes/outcome measures; what's being measured what is the difference between internal and external validity? - o Internal-the certainty to which we can attribute the study outcome to the independent variable; less generalizable o External-relates to the patient population, clinical setting, treatment and measurement variables that the study can be generalized to threats to internal validity include... - history, maturation, testing, attrition, regression to the mean, selection bias, instrumentation, sequence effects, and contamination. How can history threaten internal validity? - external even can influence study outcome. How can maturation affect internal validity? - time influences studyoutcome; people change. how can testing affect internal validity? - repeated testing of participants influences study outcome, i.e. the learned effect. what is the learned effect? - measuring dependent variables multiples times; could get better or worse. how does attrition affect internal validity - loss of subjects during experiement influences study outcomes. how does regression to the mean affect internal validity? - natural tendency for people to change towards the average influences study outcome. how does selection bias affect internal validity? - bias in selecting individuals for different treatment groups influence study outcomes What is a selection-attrition interaction threat? - when you know what the selection bias is you name it with the concurrent interanl validity. how can instrumentation affect internal validity? - changes to tests and measurements can influence a study outcome. how can sequence effects affect internal validity? - prior experiences in the study influence current performance how can contamination affect internal validity? - when information passes to the participants in the study o Diffusion of Treatment-people in the study talk to each other, control group participants learn about the experimental treatment o Rivalry-participants boost performance to not look bad o Resentment-people perform poorly because they resent being in control group external validity includes what? - population validity-how representative is the sample of people and ecological validity - how generalized are the environmental condition. what is the hawthorne effect? - people perform differently when they know they are being tested. how do you control for the hawthorne effect? - have a control group what is the difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. - -Descriptive statistics-will give information pertaining to the sample of individuals o mean=average, SD=variance, range=(highest & lowest scores) -Inferential statistics-used to determine if results are significant o t tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) etc. - value <.05 means what? - 95% of results can be attributed to the independent variable and only 5% could be attributed to error/chance what does the effect size tell us? - o Tells the magnitude of the differences between groups; helps counteract problems of error (due to sample size) of p value what makes a good question? - -background vs foreground -direction or nondirectional what is the difference between background and foreground? - background is an overview and foreground is more specific. what is the difference between direction or nondirectional? - direction is a specific hypothesis whereas nondirectional is open ended. what is equipoise? - you do not have a stake in the outcome one way or another/do not believe that one outcome is more likely to occur than another; minimizes bias what is the problem with a directional hypothesis? - it could be potentially biased. what does PICO stand for? - Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome. how should a PICO question be asked? - For (P), how does (I) compared to (C) show change as measured by (O)? A good PICO has to be a standard experimental design. T or F? - false, a good PICO doesn't have to be a standard experimental design. You don't always need a "C" in PICO. T or F? - true Which of the following is false about qualitative designs? A. it helps to answer open-ended questions about populations, events, phenomena, and test instruments. B. it typically is in a naturalistic setting; no control. C. Starts with an emergent design. D. The researcher hires someone to observe, interview, and survey to prevent bias. - All are true except D. In qualitative research the researcher is the instrument. They observe, participate, or interview to get the information. How does one look for reflexivity? - look for the participants meaning of the question within the environment while making sure research is not biased. What are the five different types of qualitative research and describe each? - -Ethnographic design-researcher goes into environment and lives in that environment to capture the culture/awareness/feel of being someone in that ethos/from that ethnographic region -Grounded Theory- Building toward a theory grounded in the data o requires researcher to be in the field and perform recursive analysis and subject selection o may use many types of information (observations, interviews, documents, audiovisual material) -Phenomenology-looks at a population who have gone through a certain event to see how it is/has effected them (ex. nuclear disaster around Chernobyl) -Narrative-researcher asks selected individuals to present their history/story/narrative on a certain topic; researcher pulls these together to find common whole for this population/group -Case Study-purposely selected individuals; looking for information on a specific event/question/diagnosis that all these participants share what is a saturation point? - when you go out to collect more data and keep seeing the same things In all cases, you must reach saturation. T or F. - true What is purposeful selection? - you need to have a reason to interview a person (as opposed to random selection in quantitative research) What are the five different ways to collect data and which designs are they commonly used in? - o Observation (Key to Ethnographic design and Grounded theory o Interview(Grounded theory and Narrative) o Documents (Phenomenology and Narrative) o Audiovisual materials (Narrative (best way)) o Surveys (Can use any of the methods) What does PEO stand for? - Population, exposure, outcome Intervention is controlled in qualitative research. T or F? - false, intervention is not controlled in qualitative research. what is controlled in intervention? - the event, environment, or phenomenon of interest. When is SPiDER typically used? - qualitative of mixed methods. what does SPiDER stand for? - Sample, Phenomenon of interest, Design, Evaluation, Research Type. what is the difference between sensitivity and specificity? - -sensitivity is how many articles you might get from your search. -specificity is how many of those articles actually meet your need/criteria. the few the elements the greater the ____, the more the elements the greater the ____. - sensitivity; specificity how do you know when What is the difference between a survey and an experiment? - -Survey-provide a quantitative/numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population; generalize/draw inferences to the population -Experiment-also study a sample and generalize to the population, but tests the impact of a treatment (or intervention) on an outcome, controlling for all other factors that might influence that outcome What guides the study design? - the research question when doing a survey design, what are the checklist criteria to look at? - -check the purpose -cross sectional vs longitudinal -form of data collection -random sample vs convenience sample -stratification -sample size -instrumentation what is the difference between cross sectional and longitudinal? - cross sectional is data collected at one point in time. longitudinal is data collected over time. what is the difference between a random sample and a convenience sample? - random-each individual in the population as equal probability of being selected. convenience-respondents are chosen based on their convenience and availability. what does stratification mean? - -Means that specific characteristics of an individual (ex. gender) are represented in the sample and the sample reflects true proportions in the population of individuals with certain characteristics -Requires that characteristics of the population members be known so that the population can be stratified first before selecting the sample Sample size is usually based off what? - selected a fraction of the population or margin of error they are willing to tolerate. Study is only as good as the ___ and ___. - reliability and validity the larger the sample size, the more you are able to gain meaningful information. T or F? - true What is a power analysis? - method used to calculate how many participants are in a study; based on prior studies on certain topic or run through by a calculator. What is the difference between independent and dependent variables? - o Independent variables-what you do (program) o Dependent variables-outcomes/outcome measures; what's being measured what is the difference between internal and external validity? - o Internal-the certainty to which we can attribute the study outcome to the independent variable; less generalizable o External-relates to the patient population, clinical setting, treatment and measurement variables that the study can be generalized to threats to internal validity include... - history, maturation, testing, attrition, regression to the mean, selection bias, instrumentation, sequence effects, and contamination. How can history threaten internal validity? - external even can influence study outcome. How can maturation affect internal validity? - time influences studyoutcome; people change. how can testing affect internal validity? - repeated testing of participants influences study outcome, i.e. the learned effect. what is the learned effect? - measuring dependent variables multiples times; could get better or worse. how does attrition affect internal validity - loss of subjects during experiement influences study outcomes. how does regression to the mean affect internal validity? - natural tendency for people to change towards the average influences study outcome. how does selection bias affect internal validity? - bias in selecting individuals for different treatment groups influence study outcomes What is a selection-attrition interaction threat? - when you know what the selection bias is you name it with the concurrent interanl validity. how can instrumentation affect internal validity? - changes to tests and measurements can influence a study outcome. how can sequence effects affect internal validity? - prior experiences in the study influence current performance how can contamination affect internal validity? - when information passes to the participants in the study o Diffusion of Treatment-people in the study talk to each other, control group participants learn about the experimental treatment o Rivalry-participants boost performance to not look bad o Resentment-people perform poorly because they resent being in control group external validity includes what? - population validity-how representative is the sample of people and ecological validity - how generalized are the environmental condition. what is the hawthorne effect? - people perform differently when they know they are being tested. how do you control for the hawthorne effect? - have a control group what is the difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. - -Descriptive statistics-will give information pertaining to the sample of individuals o mean=average, SD=variance, range=(highest & lowest scores) -Inferential statistics-used to determine if results are significant o t tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) etc. - value <.05 means what? - 95% of results can be attributed to the independent variable and only 5% could be attributed to error/chance what does the effect size tell us? - o Tells the magnitude of the differences between groups; helps counteract problems of error (due to sample size) of p value what makes a good question? - -background vs foreground -direction or nondirectional what is the difference between background and foreground? - background is an overview and foreground is more specific. what is the difference between direction or nondirectional? - direction is a specific hypothesis whereas nondirectional is open ended. what is equipoise? - you do not have a stake in the outcome one way or another/do not believe that one outcome is more likely to occur than another; minimizes bias what is the problem with a directional hypothesis? - it could be potentially biased. what does PICO stand for? - Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome. how should a PICO question be asked? - For (P), how does (I) compared to (C) show change as measured by (O)? A good PICO has to be a standard experimental design. T or F? - false, a good PICO doesn't have to be a standard experimental design. You don't always need a "C" in PICO. T or F? - true Which of the following is false about qualitative designs? A. it helps to answer open-ended questions about populations, events, phenomena, and test instruments. B. it typically is in a naturalistic setting; no control. C. Starts with an emergent design. D. The researcher hires someone to observe, interview, and survey to prevent bias. - All are true except D. In qualitative research the researcher is the instrument. They observe, participate, or interview to get the information. How does one look for reflexivity? - look for the participants meaning of the question within the environment while making sure research is not biased. What are the five different types of qualitative research and describe each? - -Ethnographic design-researcher goes into environment and lives in that environment to capture the culture/awareness/feel of being someone in that ethos/from that ethnographic region -Grounded Theory- Building toward a theory grounded in the data o requires researcher to be in the field and perform recursive analysis and subject selection o may use many types of information (observations, interviews, documents, audiovisual material) -Phenomenology-looks at a population who have gone through a certain event to see how it is/has effected them (ex. nuclear disaster around Chernobyl) -Narrative-researcher asks selected individuals to present their history/story/narrative on a certain topic; researcher pulls these together to find common whole for this population/group -Case Study-purposely selected individuals; looking for information on a specific event/question/diagnosis that all these participants share what is a saturation point? - when you go out to collect more data and keep seeing the same things In all cases, you must reach saturation. T or F. - true What is purposeful selection? - you need to have a reason to interview a person (as opposed to random selection in quantitative research) What are the five different ways to collect data and which designs are they commonly used in? - o Observation (Key to Ethnographic design and Grounded theory o Interview(Grounded theory and Narrative) o Documents (Phenomenology and Narrative) o Audiovisual materials (Narrative (best way)) o Surveys (Can use any of the methods) What does PEO stand for? - Population, exposure, outcome Intervention is controlled in qualitative research. T or F? - false, intervention is not controlled in qualitative research. what is controlled in intervention? - the event, environment, or phenomenon of interest. When is SPiDER typically used? - qualitative of mixed methods. what does SPiDER stand for? - Sample, Phenomenon of interest, Design, Evaluation, Research Type. what is the difference between sensitivity and specificity? - -sensitivity is how many articles you might get from your search. -specificity is how many of those articles actually meet your need/criteria. the few the elements the greater the ____, the more the elements the greater the ____. - sensitivity; specificity how do you know when