Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology 2 edition TEST BANK

Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Which process is present with oxidative stress? 1. Cells undergo transient ischemia with subsequent resumption of circulation. 2. Estrogen stimulation results in mitotic division of breast gland cells. 3. A blood clot obstructs a coronary artery causing cardiac muscle ischemia. 4. A cell’s environment cannot support cell metabolic requirements. ____ 2. A client is diagnosed with a condition in which the brain cells cannot withstand low oxygen delivery long enough for cell-reversible changes to happen. Which condition is the client exhibiting? 1. Organelle disruption 2. Hypoxia 3. Xanthelasma 4. Ischemic-reperfusion injury ____ 3. A client has a growth removed from the body. Which histologic finding indicates that the growth is classified as benign? 1. Apoptosis 2. Differentiation 3. Oxidative phosphorylation 4. Atherosclerosis ____ 4. The nurse is volunteering at a clinic in a developing country. Many of the young clients are diagnosed with kwashiorkor. Which condition does the nurse equate with the diagnosis? 1. The condition is seen in individuals suffering from severe protein starvation. 2. The condition exists with hypertension in the aorta and systemic arterial circulation. 3. The condition indicates increased prostate gland cells because of testosterone stimulation. 4. The condition is the result of defective cholesterol metabolism. ____ 5. By which process are findings identified that represent distinct disease processes to help with diagnosis? 1. Histology 2. Biopsy 3. Autopsy 4. Pathognomonic changes Your text here 1 ____ 6. A client is diagnosed with failure of the thyroid gland due to increase in apoptotic cell death. Which terminology does the nurse expect to be applied to the client’s condition? 1. Xanthomas 2. Hashimoto 3. Peptic ulcer 4. Anthracosis ____ 7. Which field involves harvesting of embryonic stem cells and performing nuclear transfer on these cells? 1. Reproductive cloning 2. Restoration with stem cells 3. Transplantation 4. Therapeutic cloning ____ 8. The nurse is providing care to a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and gangrene of the foot manifested by decaying tissue and necrosis caused by prolonged ischemia. Wound cultures indicate the presence of Clostridium perfringens. Which treatment is the nurse most likely to expect the health-care provider to initiate? 1. Therapy aimed at reestablishing peripheral circulation 2. Administration of antibiotic therapy to treat infection 3. Surgical consultation to prevent disease advancement 4. Use of prescribed dressings to promote wound debridement ____ 9. A client is diagnosed with impairment of cellular apoptosis. Which disease can this condition cause? 1. Cancer at the location of the process 2. Degenerative neurological diseases 3. Necrosis of involved tissues 4. Infarction of the affected area ____ 10. A client has a medical history of prolonged ischemia attacks. Which term would the nurse use in reference to the manifestation of the client’s condition? 1. Gangrene 2. Infarction 3. Necrosis 4. Apoptosis ____ 11. A client comes in with persistently uncontrolled hypertension. The nurse informs the client’s spouse that one of the consequences of prolonged raised blood pressure is a weakened area in the wall of the cerebral artery, located on the circle of Willis. Which condition fits the nurse’s description? 1. Xanthelasma 2. Infarction 3. Berry aneurysm 4. Ischemia ____ 12. During an endoscopic examination on a client, it is found that the client has acid reflux. Which condition associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) warrants close monitoring and aggressive treatment? 1. Peptic ulcer disease 2. Malabsorption syndrome 3. Barrett’s esophagus 4. Hiatal hernia ____ 13. A preschool-age patient is diagnosed with leukemia. Health-care providers recommend regenerative medicine stem cell therapy. The client’s parent states, “I can’t agree to the sacrifice of an unborn child for the benefit of my child.” Which information would the nurse share with the parent? 1. Stem cells are also available from bone marrow. 2. There is no other source of stem cells available. 3. Banking umbilical cord blood after birth is critical. 4. Chemotherapy is an equally effective treatment. ____ 14. A client has an abnormal thickening of the lining of the uterus due to an increase in estrogen levels. How can such a condition be reversed? 1. Restoration of blood circulation 2. Treatment with hormone therapy 3. Complete surgical hysterectomy 4. By becoming pregnant ____ 15. The nurse is providing care for a client who recently had a skin lesion surgically removed. Which information in the histology report indicates the lesion is malignant? 1. Examined cells are poorly differentiated. 2. Cells present with orderly architecture. 3. Edges of the specimen are unaffected. 4. Specimen contains well-differentiated cells. ____ 16. A genetically programmed cell death is a process that can destroy cells that are no longer needed. Which term applies to this biological process? 1. Atrophy 2. Apoptosis 3. Hypertrophy 4. Neoplasia ____ 17. Which is the most prevalent method to replace permanently injured tissues and organs? 1. Stem cell restoration 2. Therapeutic cloning 3. Reproductive cloning 4. Transplantation ____ 18. The nurse is providing care for a client experiencing hypoxia related to lung disease. The client reports extreme fatigue and weakness. Which pathological condition does the nurse suspect to be occurring at a cellular level? 1. An overabundance of extracellular sodium 2. Lack of ability to produce sufficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 3. Overfunctioning of the sodium–potassium pump 4. Water leaves the cells causing cellular dehydration ____ 19. A client with a history of hypertension is noncompliant about taking antihypertensive drugs. The client states, “So what’s the big deal?” Which condition does the nurse identify as the worst-case scenario? 1. Persistent headaches 2. Elevated risk of aneurysm 3. Possible cardiac hypertrophy 4. Interrupted circulation from plaque ____ 20. Which condition describes the increase in size of a weightlifter’s muscles? 1. Hypertrophy 2. Metaplasia 3. Atrophy 4. Dysplasia ____ 21. A client reports an itchy, bumpy scar around an old wound that is identified as a keloid. Which term best describes this condition? 1. Neoplasia 2. Hyperplasia 3. Dysplasia 4. Metaplasia Multiple Response Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question. ____ 22. Which vitamins are fat soluble? Select all that apply. 1. Vitamin A 2. Vitamin C 3. Vitamin D 4. Vitamin K 5. Vitamin B6 ____ 23. At which time does physiological apoptosis occur? Select all that apply. 1. During the embryonic development of the hand 2. During menopause in female adult ovaries 3. When cells die because of stressors 4. When cells have completed their function and need elimination 5. When the liver gets exposed to excessive amounts of alcohol ____ 24. Which components of the serum level should be measured to confirm myocardial infarction? Select all that apply. 1. Epinephrine 2. Troponin 3. Lysosomal enzyme 4. Acetylcholine 5. CPKmb ____ 25. A client is being treated for atherosclerosis. Which options are directly detrimental to the client’s condition? Select all that apply. 1. Depletion of endothelial nitric oxide 2. Helicobacter pylori infection 3. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) deposition 4. Inflammatory changes of the endothelium 5. Acid reflux Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: List common cellular adaptations and maladaptations that occur in the body. Page: 10 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury>Causes of Cell Injury>Free Radical Injury Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is correct. Oxidative stress is a form of cell injury that occurs when free radical generation exceeds the mechanisms of removal. Oxidative stress commonly occurs in cells that undergo transient ischemia and subsequent resumption of circulation. 2 This is incorrect. Hormonal stimulation of hyperplasia occurs in pregnancy. It occurs when estrogen stimulation results in mitotic division of breast gland cells. 3 This is incorrect. Ischemic reperfusion injury occurs when a blood clot obstructs a coronary artery and results in cardiac muscle ischemia. 4 This is incorrect. Atrophy occurs when a cell’s environment cannot support its metabolic requirements. The smaller size of the cells allows for less metabolic demand and more efficient functioning that is compatible with survival. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 2. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: Explain endothelial injury, ischemic tissue damage, and infarction of tissue. Page: 15 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury>Causes of Cell Injury>Hypoxic Cell Injury Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Cognitive Level: Applying [Application] Concept: Oxygenation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Organelles are a number of specialized structures within a living cell. Prolonged stress can cause irreversible cell damage resulting in organelle disruption. 2 This is correct. Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a part of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen. Brain cells cannot withstand hypoxia for more than 6 minutes, whereas skeletal muscle can tolerate hypoxia for prolonged periods. 3 This is incorrect. Xanthelasma are raised skin lesions that develop because of intracellular accretion of excess cholesterol within epithelial cells. 4 This is incorrect. Ischemic-reperfusion injury is tissue damage. It occurs when the blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of