Pho 2 summary:
Homophones and minimal pairs:
Homophones are words that are spelled differently but sound exactly the same, e.g. air/heir.
A minimal pair is a pair of words that have one sound difference, e.g. sit/soot.
Words may be homophones in one accent but not in another, e.g. flaw/floor.
allophones: predictable variants of a phoneme. The context determines which variant we use (=
‘predictable’)
Consonant errors of the ideal naïve Dutch speaker of English:
/p/ too weak (no aspiration)
/b/ too strong
/k/ too weak (no aspiration)
/g/ too strong
/t/ tongue against teeth (denti-alveolar), too weak (no aspiration)
/d/ tongue against teeth (denti-alveolar), too strong
/f/ upper teeth against inside lower lip
/v/ upper teeth against inside lower lip, too strong / too much friction
/s/ too round, too weak
/z/ too round, too strong
/(t)ʃ too wide; [i] resonance
/(d)ʒ too wide; [i] resonance, too strong
/θ/ pronounced like / s, t, f /
/ð/ pronounced like / z, d, v /
/h/ voiced
/r/ roll
/w/ labio-dental, back of tongue not raised
Vowel errors of the ideal naïve Dutch speaker of English:
i: too close/no glide
u: too close/no glide
, ʊ too close
æ not open enough
ʌ rounded/too close or rounded/back
ɒ no lip rounding/too close
ɔ ː too open
ɜ ː rounded
ɑ ː too much to the front
eɪ close/too little or no glide
aɪ 2nd element too close
ɔɪ 2nd element too close
aʊ rounded/2nd element too close
əʊ too close/no glide
ʊə too close/no glide
ɪə too close/no glide
The three different ways plural -s is pronounced:
/ɪz/ after /s,z,ʃ,ʒ/ , e.g. in ‘kisses’
/z/ after (other) voiced sounds , e.g. in ‘hugs’ so always vowels
/s/ after (other) voiceless sounds , e.g. in ‘lips’
Aspiration, multiple forms of ‘l’, glottal reinforcement and shortened pronunciation:
4 criteria for a consonant to get aspiration:
1. It has to be p,t,k
2. At the beginning… (not after /s/)
3. …of a stressed syllable
4. And it should be followed by a vowel
5. If it’s followed by an approximant it becomes devoiced (voiceless)
Multiple forms of ‘l’:
1. A clear ‘l’ – this occurs when the l is before a vowel (leaf)
2. A dark ‘ɫ’ – this occurs when the l is before a consonant (or nothing), (feel)
3. A voiceless ‘l̥’ – this occurs if you match all the criteria for aspiration, except the p,t,k is
followed by an ‘l’, then the aspiration is omitted, and instead a voiceless l is used.
A syllabic /l/ is often a dark /l/ and a voiceless /l/ is always a clear /l/.
4. A syllabic ‘l̩’ – this occurs when a syllable does not have a vowel in speech. /r/ /l/ and nasals
then take over. It happens after an alveolar sound in an unstressed syllable (bottle)
Homophones and minimal pairs:
Homophones are words that are spelled differently but sound exactly the same, e.g. air/heir.
A minimal pair is a pair of words that have one sound difference, e.g. sit/soot.
Words may be homophones in one accent but not in another, e.g. flaw/floor.
allophones: predictable variants of a phoneme. The context determines which variant we use (=
‘predictable’)
Consonant errors of the ideal naïve Dutch speaker of English:
/p/ too weak (no aspiration)
/b/ too strong
/k/ too weak (no aspiration)
/g/ too strong
/t/ tongue against teeth (denti-alveolar), too weak (no aspiration)
/d/ tongue against teeth (denti-alveolar), too strong
/f/ upper teeth against inside lower lip
/v/ upper teeth against inside lower lip, too strong / too much friction
/s/ too round, too weak
/z/ too round, too strong
/(t)ʃ too wide; [i] resonance
/(d)ʒ too wide; [i] resonance, too strong
/θ/ pronounced like / s, t, f /
/ð/ pronounced like / z, d, v /
/h/ voiced
/r/ roll
/w/ labio-dental, back of tongue not raised
Vowel errors of the ideal naïve Dutch speaker of English:
i: too close/no glide
u: too close/no glide
, ʊ too close
æ not open enough
ʌ rounded/too close or rounded/back
ɒ no lip rounding/too close
ɔ ː too open
ɜ ː rounded
ɑ ː too much to the front
eɪ close/too little or no glide
aɪ 2nd element too close
ɔɪ 2nd element too close
aʊ rounded/2nd element too close
əʊ too close/no glide
ʊə too close/no glide
ɪə too close/no glide
The three different ways plural -s is pronounced:
/ɪz/ after /s,z,ʃ,ʒ/ , e.g. in ‘kisses’
/z/ after (other) voiced sounds , e.g. in ‘hugs’ so always vowels
/s/ after (other) voiceless sounds , e.g. in ‘lips’
Aspiration, multiple forms of ‘l’, glottal reinforcement and shortened pronunciation:
4 criteria for a consonant to get aspiration:
1. It has to be p,t,k
2. At the beginning… (not after /s/)
3. …of a stressed syllable
4. And it should be followed by a vowel
5. If it’s followed by an approximant it becomes devoiced (voiceless)
Multiple forms of ‘l’:
1. A clear ‘l’ – this occurs when the l is before a vowel (leaf)
2. A dark ‘ɫ’ – this occurs when the l is before a consonant (or nothing), (feel)
3. A voiceless ‘l̥’ – this occurs if you match all the criteria for aspiration, except the p,t,k is
followed by an ‘l’, then the aspiration is omitted, and instead a voiceless l is used.
A syllabic /l/ is often a dark /l/ and a voiceless /l/ is always a clear /l/.
4. A syllabic ‘l̩’ – this occurs when a syllable does not have a vowel in speech. /r/ /l/ and nasals
then take over. It happens after an alveolar sound in an unstressed syllable (bottle)
