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Page 1 of 68
,Chapter 7: Learning, Training & Development ....................................................................................................................... 6
Learning, training, and development in organizations ................................................................................................... 6
How learning and development can be included into organisational strategy: .................................... 6
The Process and Implementation of Learning, Training and Development ........................................................... 7
Learning and Development Needs Assessment ............................................................................................................. 7
Organisational needs and analysis ............................................................................................................................... 7
Job and position analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 8
Task, KSAO and competency analysis......................................................................................................................... 8
Person analysis .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Learning and Development Interventions ....................................................................................................................... 9
Behavioural theories of learning ................................................................................................................................... 9
2 Additional concepts of behaviourism: ................................................................................................................ 9
Cognitive learning................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Techniques and methods of training and development ....................................................................................... 9
Lectures .............................................................................................................................................................................10
Lecture and discussion ................................................................................................................................................10
Demonstrations ..............................................................................................................................................................10
Simulations .......................................................................................................................................................................10
Role-play ...........................................................................................................................................................................10
Development centres ....................................................................................................................................................10
Case studies.....................................................................................................................................................................10
On-job training ..............................................................................................................................................................10
Coaching ............................................................................................................................................................................10
Mentoring .........................................................................................................................................................................10
E-learning .........................................................................................................................................................................10
Organizational and team learning strategies: ........................................................................................................10
Secondment ......................................................................................................................................................................10
Job rotation ....................................................................................................................................................................10
Competitor and client placement ............................................................................................................................ 11
Team training .................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Training Evaluation ................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Evaluation criteria ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
1. Reactions................................................................................................................................................................. 11
2. Learning ................................................................................................................................................................... 11
3. Behaviour ................................................................................................................................................................. 11
4. Results ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Page 2 of 68
, Modelling individual learning outcomes ...................................................................................................................... 11
5 kinds of learning outcome .................................................................................................................................... 11
3 important learning outcomes .............................................................................................................................. 12
Comparing models of learning, training, and development outcomes........................................................... 12
Kraiger et al., Model ................................................................................................................................................... 12
Kirkpatrick’s Model ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Evaluation methods and procedures .......................................................................................................................... 12
2 types of knowledge ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Four processes............................................................................................................................................................... 13
3 evaluation methods ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Success and failure of learning, training and development ................................................................................. 14
1. Individual differences.............................................................................................................................................. 14
Ability and cognition................................................................................................................................................... 14
Personality traits ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Goal orientation ............................................................................................................................................................ 15
2. Training transfer and organisational factors ............................................................................................. 15
A model of training transfer: ................................................................................................................................. 15
Success and failure of learning, training and development: Summary............................................................. 16
Key implications for learning and development strategies and intervention: .......................................... 16
The bottom line: Does learning and development make a difference .................................................................... 16
1. HR outcomes.............................................................................................................................................................. 16
2. Organizational performance outcomes ............................................................................................................ 16
3. Financial outcomes ...................................................................................................................................................17
Chapter 8: performance measurement and management ................................................................................................. 18
Importance of performance measurement and management ..................................................................................... 18
Measuring job performance..................................................................................................................................................... 18
Objective measures of performance ............................................................................................................................... 18
Critique of objective measures of performance............................................................................................... 18
Models of job performance behaviours ......................................................................................................................... 19
Multi-dimensional models of job performance: ................................................................................................. 19
General models of job performance ........................................................................................................................... 19
Competency approach to performance measurement .............................................................................................. 19
The Process of Performance Measurement: Appraisal ........................................................................................... 20
Survey items and rating scale (what they do>what they achieve) ............................................................ 20
Types of rating scales: .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Improving rating scales and appraisal measures ................................................................................................. 20
Page 3 of 68
, Bias can be reduced through: ................................................................................................................................. 20
Result-based appraisal tradition of MBO (what they achieve>what they do) ...................................... 20
Limitations of result-based appraisals:............................................................................................................... 21
Competency-based appraisal ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Performance management ........................................................................................................................................................ 21
Goal settings ........................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Effectiveness of goals: .................................................................................................................................................... 21
Effect of goals on performance:............................................................................................................................ 21
Factors that influence the extent to which goals result in performance: ............................................. 21
Goal commitment ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Feedback .......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Task complexity ............................................................................................................................................................ 22
Performance Feedback ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Simpler model of feedback and improvement ................................................................................................... 22
Multi-source feedback: ................................................................................................................................................... 23
Practical components of 360-ddegree system: .............................................................................................. 23
Performance Management Interventions ..................................................................................................................... 23
Coaching performance..................................................................................................................................................... 23
Three forms of coaching at work: ....................................................................................................................... 23
Disciplinary processes ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
UK law disciplinary process: .................................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 10: Careers and Career Management .................................................................................................................... 25
Careers in the 21st century .................................................................................................................................................. 25
Drivers of change: ................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Globalisation and internalisation................................................................................................................................ 25
Technological changes and innovations ................................................................................................................... 25
Changes to employment law and regulations ....................................................................................................... 25
Changes to organizational structure....................................................................................................................... 25
Psychological content .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
Relational contract ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
Transactional contract.............................................................................................................................................. 26
Critiques of psychological contract.......................................................................................................................... 26
Validity ............................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Agreed upon definition .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Difference in cultures ................................................................................................................................................ 26
Expectations of psychological contract of contemporary jobs: ................................................................... 26
Page 4 of 68
Page 1 of 68
,Chapter 7: Learning, Training & Development ....................................................................................................................... 6
Learning, training, and development in organizations ................................................................................................... 6
How learning and development can be included into organisational strategy: .................................... 6
The Process and Implementation of Learning, Training and Development ........................................................... 7
Learning and Development Needs Assessment ............................................................................................................. 7
Organisational needs and analysis ............................................................................................................................... 7
Job and position analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 8
Task, KSAO and competency analysis......................................................................................................................... 8
Person analysis .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Learning and Development Interventions ....................................................................................................................... 9
Behavioural theories of learning ................................................................................................................................... 9
2 Additional concepts of behaviourism: ................................................................................................................ 9
Cognitive learning................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Techniques and methods of training and development ....................................................................................... 9
Lectures .............................................................................................................................................................................10
Lecture and discussion ................................................................................................................................................10
Demonstrations ..............................................................................................................................................................10
Simulations .......................................................................................................................................................................10
Role-play ...........................................................................................................................................................................10
Development centres ....................................................................................................................................................10
Case studies.....................................................................................................................................................................10
On-job training ..............................................................................................................................................................10
Coaching ............................................................................................................................................................................10
Mentoring .........................................................................................................................................................................10
E-learning .........................................................................................................................................................................10
Organizational and team learning strategies: ........................................................................................................10
Secondment ......................................................................................................................................................................10
Job rotation ....................................................................................................................................................................10
Competitor and client placement ............................................................................................................................ 11
Team training .................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Training Evaluation ................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Evaluation criteria ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
1. Reactions................................................................................................................................................................. 11
2. Learning ................................................................................................................................................................... 11
3. Behaviour ................................................................................................................................................................. 11
4. Results ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Page 2 of 68
, Modelling individual learning outcomes ...................................................................................................................... 11
5 kinds of learning outcome .................................................................................................................................... 11
3 important learning outcomes .............................................................................................................................. 12
Comparing models of learning, training, and development outcomes........................................................... 12
Kraiger et al., Model ................................................................................................................................................... 12
Kirkpatrick’s Model ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Evaluation methods and procedures .......................................................................................................................... 12
2 types of knowledge ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Four processes............................................................................................................................................................... 13
3 evaluation methods ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Success and failure of learning, training and development ................................................................................. 14
1. Individual differences.............................................................................................................................................. 14
Ability and cognition................................................................................................................................................... 14
Personality traits ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Goal orientation ............................................................................................................................................................ 15
2. Training transfer and organisational factors ............................................................................................. 15
A model of training transfer: ................................................................................................................................. 15
Success and failure of learning, training and development: Summary............................................................. 16
Key implications for learning and development strategies and intervention: .......................................... 16
The bottom line: Does learning and development make a difference .................................................................... 16
1. HR outcomes.............................................................................................................................................................. 16
2. Organizational performance outcomes ............................................................................................................ 16
3. Financial outcomes ...................................................................................................................................................17
Chapter 8: performance measurement and management ................................................................................................. 18
Importance of performance measurement and management ..................................................................................... 18
Measuring job performance..................................................................................................................................................... 18
Objective measures of performance ............................................................................................................................... 18
Critique of objective measures of performance............................................................................................... 18
Models of job performance behaviours ......................................................................................................................... 19
Multi-dimensional models of job performance: ................................................................................................. 19
General models of job performance ........................................................................................................................... 19
Competency approach to performance measurement .............................................................................................. 19
The Process of Performance Measurement: Appraisal ........................................................................................... 20
Survey items and rating scale (what they do>what they achieve) ............................................................ 20
Types of rating scales: .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Improving rating scales and appraisal measures ................................................................................................. 20
Page 3 of 68
, Bias can be reduced through: ................................................................................................................................. 20
Result-based appraisal tradition of MBO (what they achieve>what they do) ...................................... 20
Limitations of result-based appraisals:............................................................................................................... 21
Competency-based appraisal ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Performance management ........................................................................................................................................................ 21
Goal settings ........................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Effectiveness of goals: .................................................................................................................................................... 21
Effect of goals on performance:............................................................................................................................ 21
Factors that influence the extent to which goals result in performance: ............................................. 21
Goal commitment ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Feedback .......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Task complexity ............................................................................................................................................................ 22
Performance Feedback ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Simpler model of feedback and improvement ................................................................................................... 22
Multi-source feedback: ................................................................................................................................................... 23
Practical components of 360-ddegree system: .............................................................................................. 23
Performance Management Interventions ..................................................................................................................... 23
Coaching performance..................................................................................................................................................... 23
Three forms of coaching at work: ....................................................................................................................... 23
Disciplinary processes ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
UK law disciplinary process: .................................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 10: Careers and Career Management .................................................................................................................... 25
Careers in the 21st century .................................................................................................................................................. 25
Drivers of change: ................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Globalisation and internalisation................................................................................................................................ 25
Technological changes and innovations ................................................................................................................... 25
Changes to employment law and regulations ....................................................................................................... 25
Changes to organizational structure....................................................................................................................... 25
Psychological content .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
Relational contract ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
Transactional contract.............................................................................................................................................. 26
Critiques of psychological contract.......................................................................................................................... 26
Validity ............................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Agreed upon definition .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Difference in cultures ................................................................................................................................................ 26
Expectations of psychological contract of contemporary jobs: ................................................................... 26
Page 4 of 68
