ATPL (A)
Review Worksheets
081 PRINCIPLE OF FLIGHT
BY KDMN
2020
, I/ PHYSICAL CONCEPTS
01 FORCE OF GRAVIATION W
• W = m x g , m in Kg, g in m/s², W in Newton (N).
02 NEWTON’S LAWS
a) FIRST LAW: Take a body of mass m at rest. With no external action, it will remain at rest. If it is
moving at a velocity V, with no external action applied to, it will continue to move at the same
speed and in the same direction. This last property is called “inertia”.
b) SECOND LAW: the acceleration a undergone by a body subject to any force F is proportional to
the force applied and inversely proportional to the accelerated mass m: F=m x a.
c) THIRD LAW: If a body A exerts any mechanical action on a body B, then the body B exerts on the
body A an equal and opposite reaction.
03 WORK AND POWER
a) WORK W: it is defined as W = F x d, F is a force, d a distance in m, and W is in Joule J
b) POWER P: it is defined as P = F x V, F is a force, V a velocity, P is in Watt W.
04 ROTATION
a) UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION:
V
r V = r x ա, ա in rad/s and r in m
a
a = ա² x R
ա
b) MOMENT OF A FORCE M: it is defined as M = F x r, r is called lever arm (distance from the origin
(pivot, axis), to the line of action of a force.
F
Pivot r M
,05 ENERGY
a) KINETIC ENERGY Ec : it is the energy a body has by virtue of its motion.
Ec = ½ m x v², Ec in J.
b) GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Ep: it is the energy due to work of the force of gravity at a
distance h off the ground.
Ep = m x g x h.
c) MECHANICAL ENERGY Em: it is the sum of kinetic and potential energies.
Em = Ec + EP.
II/ GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF AIRCRAFT
01 AIRCRAFT AXES & CONTROL SURFACE
All the following axes cross each other at the aircraft’s centre of Gravity CG.
AXIS CONTROL SURFACE
Longitudinal axis = roll Ailerons controlled by
axis left/right motion of
the control stick.
Control stick to the
left -W > left aileron
Longitudinal axis rises, right ailerons is
(ROLL)
lowered. The aircraft
rolls to the left
Lateral axis = pitch axis Elevator controlled by
forward/backward
motion of the control
stick.
Backward control
stick, elevator goes
upward, the aircraft
climbs
Lateral axis (PITCH)
Normal axis = yaw axis Normal axis Rudder controlled by
(YAW) left/right rudder ped-
als.
Left rudder pedal, the
rudder goes to the
left, the aircraft goes
to the left.
, 02 AIRFOILS AND WINGS DESCRIPTIONS
a) GENERAL
b) ANGLES
1. ANGLE OF ATTACK AoA α
• It is the angle between the airfoil chordline and the direction of the undisturbed air flow.
2. ANGLE OF ICIDENCE
• It is the angle between the airfoil chordline and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.
c) WING-RELATED DEFINITIONS
1. WING SURFACE or REFERENCE SURFACE S
Area of both wings and parts of fuselage included between these wings, projected on horizontal plane.
Review Worksheets
081 PRINCIPLE OF FLIGHT
BY KDMN
2020
, I/ PHYSICAL CONCEPTS
01 FORCE OF GRAVIATION W
• W = m x g , m in Kg, g in m/s², W in Newton (N).
02 NEWTON’S LAWS
a) FIRST LAW: Take a body of mass m at rest. With no external action, it will remain at rest. If it is
moving at a velocity V, with no external action applied to, it will continue to move at the same
speed and in the same direction. This last property is called “inertia”.
b) SECOND LAW: the acceleration a undergone by a body subject to any force F is proportional to
the force applied and inversely proportional to the accelerated mass m: F=m x a.
c) THIRD LAW: If a body A exerts any mechanical action on a body B, then the body B exerts on the
body A an equal and opposite reaction.
03 WORK AND POWER
a) WORK W: it is defined as W = F x d, F is a force, d a distance in m, and W is in Joule J
b) POWER P: it is defined as P = F x V, F is a force, V a velocity, P is in Watt W.
04 ROTATION
a) UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION:
V
r V = r x ա, ա in rad/s and r in m
a
a = ա² x R
ա
b) MOMENT OF A FORCE M: it is defined as M = F x r, r is called lever arm (distance from the origin
(pivot, axis), to the line of action of a force.
F
Pivot r M
,05 ENERGY
a) KINETIC ENERGY Ec : it is the energy a body has by virtue of its motion.
Ec = ½ m x v², Ec in J.
b) GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Ep: it is the energy due to work of the force of gravity at a
distance h off the ground.
Ep = m x g x h.
c) MECHANICAL ENERGY Em: it is the sum of kinetic and potential energies.
Em = Ec + EP.
II/ GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF AIRCRAFT
01 AIRCRAFT AXES & CONTROL SURFACE
All the following axes cross each other at the aircraft’s centre of Gravity CG.
AXIS CONTROL SURFACE
Longitudinal axis = roll Ailerons controlled by
axis left/right motion of
the control stick.
Control stick to the
left -W > left aileron
Longitudinal axis rises, right ailerons is
(ROLL)
lowered. The aircraft
rolls to the left
Lateral axis = pitch axis Elevator controlled by
forward/backward
motion of the control
stick.
Backward control
stick, elevator goes
upward, the aircraft
climbs
Lateral axis (PITCH)
Normal axis = yaw axis Normal axis Rudder controlled by
(YAW) left/right rudder ped-
als.
Left rudder pedal, the
rudder goes to the
left, the aircraft goes
to the left.
, 02 AIRFOILS AND WINGS DESCRIPTIONS
a) GENERAL
b) ANGLES
1. ANGLE OF ATTACK AoA α
• It is the angle between the airfoil chordline and the direction of the undisturbed air flow.
2. ANGLE OF ICIDENCE
• It is the angle between the airfoil chordline and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.
c) WING-RELATED DEFINITIONS
1. WING SURFACE or REFERENCE SURFACE S
Area of both wings and parts of fuselage included between these wings, projected on horizontal plane.
