NSG 120 - HESI Exam 1 Dr. Scott Kruger Questions
and Answers| Updated
Allostasis
process by which the body achieves stability through physiological change
Stress Response
The response to a demand or stressor. Has three phases: alarm, resistance, and
recovery.
Systemic Inflammatory Response (SIRS)
An exaggerated systemic inflammatory response that may be initiated by
infectious or noninfectious causes
- Affects: Respiratory System, Cardiovascular System, Gastrointestinal System, and
Metabolic System.
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)
Progressive impairment of two or more organ systems resulting from an
uncontrolled inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury.
- Affects: Respiratory System, Cardiovascular System, Gastrointestinal System, and
Metabolic System.
Organ Dysfunction in Systemic Inflammatory Response (SIRS) / Organ
Dysfunction Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)
,- Respiratory: First system affected, can lead to ARDS
- Cardiovascular: Myocardial depression, alterations to blood flow
- Gastrointestinal: Increased risk of ulceration, bleeding, bacterial translocation
- Metabolic: Hypermetabolism, protein catabolism, hyperglycemia, insulin
resistance
Gut Hypothesis
gut bacteria are translocated to systemic circulation and sustain systemic
inflammatory response state
Explains development of MODS without identifiable infectious focus and
Inflammatory Mediators in MODS
Maldistribution of Blood Flow
- Causes impaired tissue perfusion and decreased oxygen supply
- Major factor in MODS pathophysiology
Supply Dependent Oxygen Consumption
- Results from imbalance between oxygen supply and demand
- Critical in MODS pathogenesis
Hypermetabolism
increased metabolic rate
What is pathology?
,The study of diseases, including their causes (etiology), progression, and effects.
What is homeostasis?
The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
What are the characteristics of diseases?
Acute vs. chronic, localized vs. systemic, primary vs. secondary.
What are the types of disease etiology?
Genetic, infectious, environmental, and lifestyle-related causes.
What does prognosis refer to in disease?
Favorable or poor, self-limiting or progressive, treatable or terminal.
What are modifiable factors in disease predisposition?
Lifestyle choices, environmental exposures, and stress.
What are non-modifiable factors in disease predisposition?
Genetics, age, sex, ethnicity.
What is primary prevention?
Prevents disease onset (vaccination, lifestyle changes).
, What is secondary prevention?
Detects early disease (screenings, early intervention).
What is tertiary prevention?
Manages existing conditions to prevent complications (rehabilitation, chronic
disease management).
What is hypertrophy?
Increased cell size (muscle growth).
What is hyperplasia?
Increased cell number (wound healing).
What is metaplasia?
Reversible adaptation to stress in some cases.
What is dysplasia?
Disordered cell growth (precancerous changes).
What is irreversible metaplasia?
Long-term exposure leading to malignancy.
What is pathologic hypertrophy?
and Answers| Updated
Allostasis
process by which the body achieves stability through physiological change
Stress Response
The response to a demand or stressor. Has three phases: alarm, resistance, and
recovery.
Systemic Inflammatory Response (SIRS)
An exaggerated systemic inflammatory response that may be initiated by
infectious or noninfectious causes
- Affects: Respiratory System, Cardiovascular System, Gastrointestinal System, and
Metabolic System.
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)
Progressive impairment of two or more organ systems resulting from an
uncontrolled inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury.
- Affects: Respiratory System, Cardiovascular System, Gastrointestinal System, and
Metabolic System.
Organ Dysfunction in Systemic Inflammatory Response (SIRS) / Organ
Dysfunction Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)
,- Respiratory: First system affected, can lead to ARDS
- Cardiovascular: Myocardial depression, alterations to blood flow
- Gastrointestinal: Increased risk of ulceration, bleeding, bacterial translocation
- Metabolic: Hypermetabolism, protein catabolism, hyperglycemia, insulin
resistance
Gut Hypothesis
gut bacteria are translocated to systemic circulation and sustain systemic
inflammatory response state
Explains development of MODS without identifiable infectious focus and
Inflammatory Mediators in MODS
Maldistribution of Blood Flow
- Causes impaired tissue perfusion and decreased oxygen supply
- Major factor in MODS pathophysiology
Supply Dependent Oxygen Consumption
- Results from imbalance between oxygen supply and demand
- Critical in MODS pathogenesis
Hypermetabolism
increased metabolic rate
What is pathology?
,The study of diseases, including their causes (etiology), progression, and effects.
What is homeostasis?
The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
What are the characteristics of diseases?
Acute vs. chronic, localized vs. systemic, primary vs. secondary.
What are the types of disease etiology?
Genetic, infectious, environmental, and lifestyle-related causes.
What does prognosis refer to in disease?
Favorable or poor, self-limiting or progressive, treatable or terminal.
What are modifiable factors in disease predisposition?
Lifestyle choices, environmental exposures, and stress.
What are non-modifiable factors in disease predisposition?
Genetics, age, sex, ethnicity.
What is primary prevention?
Prevents disease onset (vaccination, lifestyle changes).
, What is secondary prevention?
Detects early disease (screenings, early intervention).
What is tertiary prevention?
Manages existing conditions to prevent complications (rehabilitation, chronic
disease management).
What is hypertrophy?
Increased cell size (muscle growth).
What is hyperplasia?
Increased cell number (wound healing).
What is metaplasia?
Reversible adaptation to stress in some cases.
What is dysplasia?
Disordered cell growth (precancerous changes).
What is irreversible metaplasia?
Long-term exposure leading to malignancy.
What is pathologic hypertrophy?
