BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION 11TH EDITION
MARTIN EXAM PAPER 2026 SOLVED
QUESTIONS WITH FULL SOLUTION
⩥ DRI schedule. Answer: Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible
Responding: reinforcer is given when another behavior is used or
observed that is incompatible with the inappropriate behavior.
⩥ DRO schedule. Answer: Differential response of zero: reinforcer is
given as long as the targeted inappropriate behavior does not occur.
⩥ DRL schedule. Answer: Reinforcer is given when the behavior occurs
at a lower rate than before.
⩥ Limited-responding. Answer: Useful when some of the behavior is
tolerable; less is better.
⩥ Space-responding DRL. Answer: Behavior spaced over time; want to
reduce a desirable behavior.
⩥ Cause of self-control problems. Answer: Problems of Behavioral
Excesses and Behavioral deficiencies.
,⩥ Commitment (behavioral definition). Answer: Affective commitment:
strong emotional attachment to your organization.
⩥ Immediate reinforcers vs. delayed punishers for a behavior. Answer: If
a behavior leads to immediate reinforcers but delayed punishers, the
immediate reinforcers often succeed the delayed punishment.
⩥ Immediate reinforcers vs. delayed punishers for an alternative
behavior. Answer: For self-control problems involving a choice between
two alternative behaviors, the one that produces the immediate
reinforcer often succeeds the other.
⩥ Strategies recommended for managing consequences in a self-control
program. Answer: Self-record and self-graph the target behavior; arrange
for reinforcers to be earned for showing improvement.
⩥ Behavioral contract. Answer: A written agreement that provides a
clear statement of what behaviors of which individuals will produce
what consequences and who will deliver those consequences.
⩥ Steps in a self-control program. Answer: 1. Specify the problem and
set goals; 2. Make a commitment to change; 3. Take data and assess the
causes of the problem; 4. Design & implement a treatment plan; 5.
Prevent relapse and make your gains last.
, ⩥ Willpower. Answer: The ability to control oneself.
⩥ Reciprocal inhibition. Answer: A form of behavioral therapy in which
a desired behavioral response is repeatedly carried out in the presence of
a stimulus that normally triggers an undesired response.
⩥ Stimulus-response chain. Answer: A consistent sequence of stimuli
and responses that occur closely to each other in time.
⩥ Fading. Answer: The gradual reduction of prompts and cues that
support a desired behavior.
⩥ Shaping. Answer: The development of a new behavior by the
reinforcement of successive approximations of that behavior and the
extinction of earlier approximations of that behavior until the new
behavior occurs.
⩥ Stimulus discrimination. Answer: Response occurs in the presence of
the SD and not in the presence of the S∆.
⩥ Forward chaining. Answer: The initial step of the sequence is taught
first, followed by the first and second steps which are linked together.
⩥ Backward chaining. Answer: The chain is constructed in the reverse
order from that in which the chain is performed.
MARTIN EXAM PAPER 2026 SOLVED
QUESTIONS WITH FULL SOLUTION
⩥ DRI schedule. Answer: Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible
Responding: reinforcer is given when another behavior is used or
observed that is incompatible with the inappropriate behavior.
⩥ DRO schedule. Answer: Differential response of zero: reinforcer is
given as long as the targeted inappropriate behavior does not occur.
⩥ DRL schedule. Answer: Reinforcer is given when the behavior occurs
at a lower rate than before.
⩥ Limited-responding. Answer: Useful when some of the behavior is
tolerable; less is better.
⩥ Space-responding DRL. Answer: Behavior spaced over time; want to
reduce a desirable behavior.
⩥ Cause of self-control problems. Answer: Problems of Behavioral
Excesses and Behavioral deficiencies.
,⩥ Commitment (behavioral definition). Answer: Affective commitment:
strong emotional attachment to your organization.
⩥ Immediate reinforcers vs. delayed punishers for a behavior. Answer: If
a behavior leads to immediate reinforcers but delayed punishers, the
immediate reinforcers often succeed the delayed punishment.
⩥ Immediate reinforcers vs. delayed punishers for an alternative
behavior. Answer: For self-control problems involving a choice between
two alternative behaviors, the one that produces the immediate
reinforcer often succeeds the other.
⩥ Strategies recommended for managing consequences in a self-control
program. Answer: Self-record and self-graph the target behavior; arrange
for reinforcers to be earned for showing improvement.
⩥ Behavioral contract. Answer: A written agreement that provides a
clear statement of what behaviors of which individuals will produce
what consequences and who will deliver those consequences.
⩥ Steps in a self-control program. Answer: 1. Specify the problem and
set goals; 2. Make a commitment to change; 3. Take data and assess the
causes of the problem; 4. Design & implement a treatment plan; 5.
Prevent relapse and make your gains last.
, ⩥ Willpower. Answer: The ability to control oneself.
⩥ Reciprocal inhibition. Answer: A form of behavioral therapy in which
a desired behavioral response is repeatedly carried out in the presence of
a stimulus that normally triggers an undesired response.
⩥ Stimulus-response chain. Answer: A consistent sequence of stimuli
and responses that occur closely to each other in time.
⩥ Fading. Answer: The gradual reduction of prompts and cues that
support a desired behavior.
⩥ Shaping. Answer: The development of a new behavior by the
reinforcement of successive approximations of that behavior and the
extinction of earlier approximations of that behavior until the new
behavior occurs.
⩥ Stimulus discrimination. Answer: Response occurs in the presence of
the SD and not in the presence of the S∆.
⩥ Forward chaining. Answer: The initial step of the sequence is taught
first, followed by the first and second steps which are linked together.
⩥ Backward chaining. Answer: The chain is constructed in the reverse
order from that in which the chain is performed.
