PSYCH 303 MIDTERM 3 REVIEW EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
What kind of parenting/family life is associated with the development of CD? - ANS CD-
conduct disorder
- Characterized by persistent, repetitive violation of rules and disregard for the rights of others
(at a pathological level, abnormal in the context of their current developmental stage)
- Family setting is characterized by rejection, harsh and inconsistent discipline, and parental
neglect
What is "the cohesive family model" of CD? - ANS model sees ODD and CD as being
reinforced by ineffective parenting practices (ex. mother tells child to go to bed --> child learns
to increase whining because it causes the
parent to get annoyed and leave them alone)
Includes:
- parent management training: clinicians teach parents how to effectively prompt and reinforce
good behaviors and ignore bad ones
- clinicians meet separately with children to teach social problem solving skills
What types of interventions seem helpful for the treatment of CD? - ANS Prevention services
such as training parents in effective behavior management procedures, consistent positive
reinforcement, social skill training for children, and academic tutoring.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What is a neurodevelopmental disorder according to your book? - ANS Conditions
characterized by early childhood onset and continuation into adulthood that are believed to be
the result of disruptions to normal brain development.
Dopamine Dysfunction:
What differences did scientists find between how Ritalin affected patients with ADHD vs.
controls? How did these findings challenge the assumption that ADHD is a result of dopamine
dysfunction? - ANS Found that administering methylphenidate (more commonly known as
Ritalin) to healthy adult volunteers as well as those who exhibit symptoms of ADHD as adults,
led to similar increases of the chemical dopamine in their brain. Both groups also had
equivalent level of improvements as a result of the drug when tested on their ability to
concentrate and pay attention.
Ritalin works by increasing the levels of dopamine (crucial chemical for concentration or
sustained attention, working memory and motivational processes) --> dopamine receptor and
dopamine levels in the striatum of the brain were similar in the patients and healthy individuals
suggesting that there was no underlying deficiency in dopamine function in the ADHD patients
Treating adults with ADHD:
In general, what are the clinical guidelines for treating children with ADHD (as described in this
article)? - ANS - (from the American Academy of Pediatrics) for rigorous psychiatric testing
that rules out other causes and includes reports from parents and teachers
- behavioral management and medication (if necessary) for treatment
Treating adults with ADHD:
How do ADHD symptoms tend to differ in adults vs. children? Why would assessing ADHD in
adults be different than assessing ADHD in children? - ANS - Physical hyperactivity decreases
with age as opposed to emotional and organizational skills
- ADHD impacts different aspects of an adult's life --> at work and in romantic relationships
- Using self-reporting
- symptoms masked by cognitive issues that arise in adulthood (depression, drug use, hormonal
shifts, thyroid problems)
Psychiatrists Reach Out to Teens of Color:
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Describe the general pattern of race-related biases in diagnosis presented in this article. Why
are these types of misdiagnoses concerning in terms of outcomes for children? - ANS - Black
/minority children are more likely to be diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders
(attentional/conduct) than internalizing disorders like depression or anxiety.
- Therapists may see their symptoms as threatening/ not be educated on cultural differences.
Additionally, poor kids spend less time with good therapists who can get to the bottom of their
problems (often due to inequality) and can waste more time if this leads to a misdiagnosis and
treatment of the wrong disorder. These misdiagnoses cause kids to be funneled into the justice
system rather than into counseling.
When experiencing hallucinations, where do people with schizophrenia show elevated brain
activity? What does this suggest about the nature of hallucinations? - ANS In Broca's area (an
area of the frontal lobe involved in language). This suggests that auditory hallucinations come
from patients misinterpreting their own self-generated and
uttered aloud thoughts.
How do schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder and brief psychotic disorder differ
from schizophrenia (in terms of diagnostic criteria)? - ANS Schizoaffective disorder- meets the
criteria for schizophrenia, and also has symptoms of severe mood disorders (unipolar/bipolar
depression)
Schizophreniform disorder- schizophrenia-like psychosis that lasts at least a month but not 6
months (so doesn't meet regular schizophrenia criteria)
Brief psychotic disorder- sudden onset of psychotic symptoms/ disorganized speech /catatonic
behavior that lasts a few days where the person returns to normal afterwards
Explain the research findings with respect to the offspring of non-diagnosed discordant MZ
twins - ANS In discordant pairs of MZ twins with schizophrenia (one has schizophrenia and
one doesn't), genetic influences showed up in the two twin children at equal rates. The
incidence rates of schizophrenia in their offsprings were also similar, giving strong evidence for
the genetic hypothesis of schizophrenia.
What is the evidence for the "virus" theory of schizophrenia? Explain how the difference
between monochorionic and dichorionic twins is relevant to this theory - ANS - Mothers who
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
What kind of parenting/family life is associated with the development of CD? - ANS CD-
conduct disorder
- Characterized by persistent, repetitive violation of rules and disregard for the rights of others
(at a pathological level, abnormal in the context of their current developmental stage)
- Family setting is characterized by rejection, harsh and inconsistent discipline, and parental
neglect
What is "the cohesive family model" of CD? - ANS model sees ODD and CD as being
reinforced by ineffective parenting practices (ex. mother tells child to go to bed --> child learns
to increase whining because it causes the
parent to get annoyed and leave them alone)
Includes:
- parent management training: clinicians teach parents how to effectively prompt and reinforce
good behaviors and ignore bad ones
- clinicians meet separately with children to teach social problem solving skills
What types of interventions seem helpful for the treatment of CD? - ANS Prevention services
such as training parents in effective behavior management procedures, consistent positive
reinforcement, social skill training for children, and academic tutoring.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What is a neurodevelopmental disorder according to your book? - ANS Conditions
characterized by early childhood onset and continuation into adulthood that are believed to be
the result of disruptions to normal brain development.
Dopamine Dysfunction:
What differences did scientists find between how Ritalin affected patients with ADHD vs.
controls? How did these findings challenge the assumption that ADHD is a result of dopamine
dysfunction? - ANS Found that administering methylphenidate (more commonly known as
Ritalin) to healthy adult volunteers as well as those who exhibit symptoms of ADHD as adults,
led to similar increases of the chemical dopamine in their brain. Both groups also had
equivalent level of improvements as a result of the drug when tested on their ability to
concentrate and pay attention.
Ritalin works by increasing the levels of dopamine (crucial chemical for concentration or
sustained attention, working memory and motivational processes) --> dopamine receptor and
dopamine levels in the striatum of the brain were similar in the patients and healthy individuals
suggesting that there was no underlying deficiency in dopamine function in the ADHD patients
Treating adults with ADHD:
In general, what are the clinical guidelines for treating children with ADHD (as described in this
article)? - ANS - (from the American Academy of Pediatrics) for rigorous psychiatric testing
that rules out other causes and includes reports from parents and teachers
- behavioral management and medication (if necessary) for treatment
Treating adults with ADHD:
How do ADHD symptoms tend to differ in adults vs. children? Why would assessing ADHD in
adults be different than assessing ADHD in children? - ANS - Physical hyperactivity decreases
with age as opposed to emotional and organizational skills
- ADHD impacts different aspects of an adult's life --> at work and in romantic relationships
- Using self-reporting
- symptoms masked by cognitive issues that arise in adulthood (depression, drug use, hormonal
shifts, thyroid problems)
Psychiatrists Reach Out to Teens of Color:
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Describe the general pattern of race-related biases in diagnosis presented in this article. Why
are these types of misdiagnoses concerning in terms of outcomes for children? - ANS - Black
/minority children are more likely to be diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders
(attentional/conduct) than internalizing disorders like depression or anxiety.
- Therapists may see their symptoms as threatening/ not be educated on cultural differences.
Additionally, poor kids spend less time with good therapists who can get to the bottom of their
problems (often due to inequality) and can waste more time if this leads to a misdiagnosis and
treatment of the wrong disorder. These misdiagnoses cause kids to be funneled into the justice
system rather than into counseling.
When experiencing hallucinations, where do people with schizophrenia show elevated brain
activity? What does this suggest about the nature of hallucinations? - ANS In Broca's area (an
area of the frontal lobe involved in language). This suggests that auditory hallucinations come
from patients misinterpreting their own self-generated and
uttered aloud thoughts.
How do schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder and brief psychotic disorder differ
from schizophrenia (in terms of diagnostic criteria)? - ANS Schizoaffective disorder- meets the
criteria for schizophrenia, and also has symptoms of severe mood disorders (unipolar/bipolar
depression)
Schizophreniform disorder- schizophrenia-like psychosis that lasts at least a month but not 6
months (so doesn't meet regular schizophrenia criteria)
Brief psychotic disorder- sudden onset of psychotic symptoms/ disorganized speech /catatonic
behavior that lasts a few days where the person returns to normal afterwards
Explain the research findings with respect to the offspring of non-diagnosed discordant MZ
twins - ANS In discordant pairs of MZ twins with schizophrenia (one has schizophrenia and
one doesn't), genetic influences showed up in the two twin children at equal rates. The
incidence rates of schizophrenia in their offsprings were also similar, giving strong evidence for
the genetic hypothesis of schizophrenia.
What is the evidence for the "virus" theory of schizophrenia? Explain how the difference
between monochorionic and dichorionic twins is relevant to this theory - ANS - Mothers who
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
