GOODMAN AND GILMAN'S
ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIVIRALS. EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Between patient variability - ANS each patient with same dose of drug achieves
pharmacokinetic parameters that differ
within patient variability - ANS aka inter-occasion, same drug, same dose two different
occasions and the patient may still get a different concentration-time profile
what are some factors that can cause different variability among and within patients? -
ANS weight, genetics, comorbidity (kidney and liver function) , interaciton with another
medicaiton, etc.
Lowest concentration of the agent that prevents visible growth afte r18-24 h is -
ANS minimum inhibitory concentration
six reasons antimicrobial resistance development may occur - ANS 1. reduced entry of
antibiotic into pathogen
2. Enhanced export of antibiotic by efflux pumps
3. release of microbial enzymes that destroy the antibiotic
4. alteration of microbial proteins that transform prodrugs to the effective moieties
5. alteration of target proteins
6. development of alternative pathways to those inhibited by the antibiotic
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Chemoprophylaxis of malaria - ANS because no antimalarial drug kills sporozoites, it is not
truly possible to prevent infection, drugs can only prevent the development of symptomatic
malaria caused by the asexual erythrocytic forms
Treatment of an established malaria infection - ANS no single antimalarial drug is effective
against all liver and intra-erythrocytic stages of the life cycle so complete elimination may
requrie more than one drug
First group of antimalrial agents: artemisinins, chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine and quinidine,
pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine, tetracycline - ANS not reliably effective against primary or latent
liver stages, action is directed against the asexual blood stages responsible for disease
second group of antimalrial agents: atovaquone and proguanil - ANS target not only the
asexual erythrocytic forms but also the primary liver stages of P. falciparum
Third group of antimalrial agents: only primaquine - ANS effective against primary and latent
liver stages as well as gametocytes
which drugs are used for prophylaxsis against malaria - ANS Chloroquine (but some
resistance so also mefloquine and atovaquone-proguanil)
Cornerstone therapy for amebiasis - ANS metronidazole or its analogs tinidazole and
ornidazole
Treatment of giardia - ANS metronidazole
treatment of trichomoniasis - ANS Metronidazole
treatment of toxoplasmosis - ANS pyrimethamine (antifolate) and sulfadiazine and folinic acid
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIVIRALS. EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Between patient variability - ANS each patient with same dose of drug achieves
pharmacokinetic parameters that differ
within patient variability - ANS aka inter-occasion, same drug, same dose two different
occasions and the patient may still get a different concentration-time profile
what are some factors that can cause different variability among and within patients? -
ANS weight, genetics, comorbidity (kidney and liver function) , interaciton with another
medicaiton, etc.
Lowest concentration of the agent that prevents visible growth afte r18-24 h is -
ANS minimum inhibitory concentration
six reasons antimicrobial resistance development may occur - ANS 1. reduced entry of
antibiotic into pathogen
2. Enhanced export of antibiotic by efflux pumps
3. release of microbial enzymes that destroy the antibiotic
4. alteration of microbial proteins that transform prodrugs to the effective moieties
5. alteration of target proteins
6. development of alternative pathways to those inhibited by the antibiotic
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Chemoprophylaxis of malaria - ANS because no antimalarial drug kills sporozoites, it is not
truly possible to prevent infection, drugs can only prevent the development of symptomatic
malaria caused by the asexual erythrocytic forms
Treatment of an established malaria infection - ANS no single antimalarial drug is effective
against all liver and intra-erythrocytic stages of the life cycle so complete elimination may
requrie more than one drug
First group of antimalrial agents: artemisinins, chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine and quinidine,
pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine, tetracycline - ANS not reliably effective against primary or latent
liver stages, action is directed against the asexual blood stages responsible for disease
second group of antimalrial agents: atovaquone and proguanil - ANS target not only the
asexual erythrocytic forms but also the primary liver stages of P. falciparum
Third group of antimalrial agents: only primaquine - ANS effective against primary and latent
liver stages as well as gametocytes
which drugs are used for prophylaxsis against malaria - ANS Chloroquine (but some
resistance so also mefloquine and atovaquone-proguanil)
Cornerstone therapy for amebiasis - ANS metronidazole or its analogs tinidazole and
ornidazole
Treatment of giardia - ANS metronidazole
treatment of trichomoniasis - ANS Metronidazole
treatment of toxoplasmosis - ANS pyrimethamine (antifolate) and sulfadiazine and folinic acid
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
