OTH3416 Exam 2 questions with
complete solutions graded A+
What is cellular proliferation? - correct answer ✔✔daughter cells are divides from progenitor
cells
What is the difference between meiosis v. mitosis? - correct answer ✔✔division of germ cells
from ovum and sperm v. division and proliferation of non-germ cells
What are stem cells? - correct answer ✔✔divide into progenitor cells, then daughter cells,
which then mature into more differentiated unites with a specific function
What are neoplasms? - correct answer ✔✔irreversible deviant cell clusters-- emerge from
proliferating functional tissues or supportive structures. Rapidly dividing cells (epithelial or
blood) that are highly prone to the development of neoplasms
-abnormal new growth
What is incomplete penetrance in regards to inherited cancer? - correct answer ✔✔the fact
that not all with mutation will develop cancer
-it takes more than one mutation, those that have inherited now have a greater chance of
developing cancer in earlier life
-mutation can be passed onto next generation
When DNA is damaged by the environment it is fixed by _____________ and when these are
disabled the body is responsive to ______________ - correct answer ✔✔mutator genes;
neoplastic development
,What are oncogenes? - correct answer ✔✔code for proteins involved in cell growth or
regulation-- promote unregulated cell growth and development and can inhibit cell death
-commonly seen in the spontaneous mutation of somatic cells
What are proto-oncogenes? - correct answer ✔✔Proto-oncogenes are a group of genes that
cause normal cells to become cancerous when they are mutated-- they are vital in regulating
cell function
What are tumor suppressor genes? - correct answer ✔✔genes that prohibit over-proliferation
of cells and regulate apoptosis
-regulate the rate at which dells divide and die
What are the three ways protooncogenes can become oncogenes? - correct answer ✔✔point
mutation, translocation and gene amplification
What is a point mutation? - correct answer ✔✔damages a single nucleotide base pair in DNA
which is caused their spontaneously or by environmental agents
What is chromosomal translocation? - correct answer ✔✔chromosome breaks, relocates and
unites with another chromosome.
-Common cancers because of this: lymphomas, leukemia and solid tumors
What is gene amplification? - correct answer ✔✔process altering chromosome by accelerating
replication of genes
-Implications: neuroblastoma and breast cancer
True/False: Gene Variants such as polymorphisms cause cancer directly - correct answer
✔✔False; can set stage for the development of neoplasms
, True/False: Ionizing radiation is both a cause and treatment of cancer - correct answer ✔✔True
Other than radiation, what is another treatment that can also cause cancer? - correct answer
✔✔Hormones
What are the most prevalent viral infections that can cause cancer? - correct answer ✔✔HPV
and hepatitis
What is anaplasia? - correct answer ✔✔the loss of cell differentiation and therefore the loss of
cell function-- greater the degree the more aggressive and malignant it will be
What are some of the neoplasm characteristics? - correct answer ✔✔-loss of cell to cell
communication
-increased energy expenditure
-increased motility and loss of cohesion/adhesion
-rapid angiogenesis
-substance secretion
-presence of foreign antigens on the cancer cell surface
True/False: Neoplastic cells are sensitive to cell to cell messages - correct answer ✔✔False--
they are NOT sensitive to this and they do not recognize that other cells are close by, so they do
not respond accordingly by decreasing the rate of reproduction
Benign or Malignant? Tumor that remains localized and closely resembles the tissue of origin--
over proliferated but do not demonstrate a significant loss of differentiation - correct answer
✔✔Benign
complete solutions graded A+
What is cellular proliferation? - correct answer ✔✔daughter cells are divides from progenitor
cells
What is the difference between meiosis v. mitosis? - correct answer ✔✔division of germ cells
from ovum and sperm v. division and proliferation of non-germ cells
What are stem cells? - correct answer ✔✔divide into progenitor cells, then daughter cells,
which then mature into more differentiated unites with a specific function
What are neoplasms? - correct answer ✔✔irreversible deviant cell clusters-- emerge from
proliferating functional tissues or supportive structures. Rapidly dividing cells (epithelial or
blood) that are highly prone to the development of neoplasms
-abnormal new growth
What is incomplete penetrance in regards to inherited cancer? - correct answer ✔✔the fact
that not all with mutation will develop cancer
-it takes more than one mutation, those that have inherited now have a greater chance of
developing cancer in earlier life
-mutation can be passed onto next generation
When DNA is damaged by the environment it is fixed by _____________ and when these are
disabled the body is responsive to ______________ - correct answer ✔✔mutator genes;
neoplastic development
,What are oncogenes? - correct answer ✔✔code for proteins involved in cell growth or
regulation-- promote unregulated cell growth and development and can inhibit cell death
-commonly seen in the spontaneous mutation of somatic cells
What are proto-oncogenes? - correct answer ✔✔Proto-oncogenes are a group of genes that
cause normal cells to become cancerous when they are mutated-- they are vital in regulating
cell function
What are tumor suppressor genes? - correct answer ✔✔genes that prohibit over-proliferation
of cells and regulate apoptosis
-regulate the rate at which dells divide and die
What are the three ways protooncogenes can become oncogenes? - correct answer ✔✔point
mutation, translocation and gene amplification
What is a point mutation? - correct answer ✔✔damages a single nucleotide base pair in DNA
which is caused their spontaneously or by environmental agents
What is chromosomal translocation? - correct answer ✔✔chromosome breaks, relocates and
unites with another chromosome.
-Common cancers because of this: lymphomas, leukemia and solid tumors
What is gene amplification? - correct answer ✔✔process altering chromosome by accelerating
replication of genes
-Implications: neuroblastoma and breast cancer
True/False: Gene Variants such as polymorphisms cause cancer directly - correct answer
✔✔False; can set stage for the development of neoplasms
, True/False: Ionizing radiation is both a cause and treatment of cancer - correct answer ✔✔True
Other than radiation, what is another treatment that can also cause cancer? - correct answer
✔✔Hormones
What are the most prevalent viral infections that can cause cancer? - correct answer ✔✔HPV
and hepatitis
What is anaplasia? - correct answer ✔✔the loss of cell differentiation and therefore the loss of
cell function-- greater the degree the more aggressive and malignant it will be
What are some of the neoplasm characteristics? - correct answer ✔✔-loss of cell to cell
communication
-increased energy expenditure
-increased motility and loss of cohesion/adhesion
-rapid angiogenesis
-substance secretion
-presence of foreign antigens on the cancer cell surface
True/False: Neoplastic cells are sensitive to cell to cell messages - correct answer ✔✔False--
they are NOT sensitive to this and they do not recognize that other cells are close by, so they do
not respond accordingly by decreasing the rate of reproduction
Benign or Malignant? Tumor that remains localized and closely resembles the tissue of origin--
over proliferated but do not demonstrate a significant loss of differentiation - correct answer
✔✔Benign
