LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Psychoanalytic theory of gender - ✔✔Freud's view that the preschool child develops
a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. This is the process known as the
Oedipus (for boys) or Electra (for girls) complex. At 5 or 6 years of age, the child
renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings. Subsequently, the child identifies
with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent's
characteristics.
✔✔Social cognitive theory of gender - ✔✔Children's gender development occurs
through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being
rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior
✔✔Authoritarian parenting - ✔✔A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the
child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort. The authoritarian
parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange.
Authoritarian parenting is associated with children's social incompetence.
✔✔Authoritative parenting - ✔✔A parenting style in which parents encourage their
children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. Extensive
verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.
Authoritative parenting is associated with children's social competence.
✔✔Neglectful parenting - ✔✔A style of parenting in which the parent is very uninvolved
in the child's life; it is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of
self-control.
✔✔Indulgent parenting - ✔✔A style of parenting in which parents are highly involved
with their children but place few demands or controls on them. Indulgent parenting is
associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control.
✔✔Sensorimotor play - ✔✔Type of play that involves behavior by infants that lets them
derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes. The development of
sensorimotor play follows Piaget's description of sensorimotor thought. Infants initially
engage in exploratory and playful visual and motor transactions in the second quarter of
the first year of life. At about 9 months of age, infants begin to select novel objects for
exploration and play, especially responsive objects such as toys that make noise or
bounce.
✔✔Practice play - ✔✔Type of play that involves the repetition of behavior when new
skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills
are required for games or sports. Sensorimotor play, which often involves practice play,
is primarily confined to infancy, whereas practice play can be engaged in throughout
life. During the preschool years, children often engage in practice play.
, ✔✔Pretense/Symbolic play - ✔✔Type of play that occurs when a child transforms
aspects of the physical environment into symbols
✔✔Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage - ✔✔7 to 11 years of age. In this stage,
children can perform concrete operations, and they can reason logically as long as
reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples. Remember that operations
are mental actions that are reversible, and concrete operations are operations that are
applied to real, concrete objects.
Example-The child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls
one ball into a long, Page 279thin shape; the other remains in its original ball shape.
The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay.
By the time children reach the age of 7 or 8, most answer that the amount of clay is the
same.
✔✔Piaget's Preoperational Stage - ✔✔Ages 2 to 7
Gains in mental representation:
make-believe play
symbol-real-world relations
Limitations in thinking:
egocentrism
lack of conservation
lack of hierarchical classification
✔✔Short-term memory - ✔✔Memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven
digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
✔✔Long-term memory - ✔✔The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the
memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
✔✔Working memory - ✔✔Short-term memory is like a passive storehouse with shelves
to store information until it is moved to long-term memory.
_________________is the mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and
assemble information when they make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend
written and spoken language.
✔✔Sternburg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence - ✔✔States that intelligence comes in
three forms:
(1) analytical intelligence, which refers to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate,
compare, and contrast
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Psychoanalytic theory of gender - ✔✔Freud's view that the preschool child develops
a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. This is the process known as the
Oedipus (for boys) or Electra (for girls) complex. At 5 or 6 years of age, the child
renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings. Subsequently, the child identifies
with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent's
characteristics.
✔✔Social cognitive theory of gender - ✔✔Children's gender development occurs
through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being
rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior
✔✔Authoritarian parenting - ✔✔A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the
child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort. The authoritarian
parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange.
Authoritarian parenting is associated with children's social incompetence.
✔✔Authoritative parenting - ✔✔A parenting style in which parents encourage their
children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. Extensive
verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.
Authoritative parenting is associated with children's social competence.
✔✔Neglectful parenting - ✔✔A style of parenting in which the parent is very uninvolved
in the child's life; it is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of
self-control.
✔✔Indulgent parenting - ✔✔A style of parenting in which parents are highly involved
with their children but place few demands or controls on them. Indulgent parenting is
associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control.
✔✔Sensorimotor play - ✔✔Type of play that involves behavior by infants that lets them
derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes. The development of
sensorimotor play follows Piaget's description of sensorimotor thought. Infants initially
engage in exploratory and playful visual and motor transactions in the second quarter of
the first year of life. At about 9 months of age, infants begin to select novel objects for
exploration and play, especially responsive objects such as toys that make noise or
bounce.
✔✔Practice play - ✔✔Type of play that involves the repetition of behavior when new
skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills
are required for games or sports. Sensorimotor play, which often involves practice play,
is primarily confined to infancy, whereas practice play can be engaged in throughout
life. During the preschool years, children often engage in practice play.
, ✔✔Pretense/Symbolic play - ✔✔Type of play that occurs when a child transforms
aspects of the physical environment into symbols
✔✔Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage - ✔✔7 to 11 years of age. In this stage,
children can perform concrete operations, and they can reason logically as long as
reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples. Remember that operations
are mental actions that are reversible, and concrete operations are operations that are
applied to real, concrete objects.
Example-The child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls
one ball into a long, Page 279thin shape; the other remains in its original ball shape.
The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay.
By the time children reach the age of 7 or 8, most answer that the amount of clay is the
same.
✔✔Piaget's Preoperational Stage - ✔✔Ages 2 to 7
Gains in mental representation:
make-believe play
symbol-real-world relations
Limitations in thinking:
egocentrism
lack of conservation
lack of hierarchical classification
✔✔Short-term memory - ✔✔Memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven
digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
✔✔Long-term memory - ✔✔The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the
memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
✔✔Working memory - ✔✔Short-term memory is like a passive storehouse with shelves
to store information until it is moved to long-term memory.
_________________is the mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and
assemble information when they make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend
written and spoken language.
✔✔Sternburg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence - ✔✔States that intelligence comes in
three forms:
(1) analytical intelligence, which refers to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate,
compare, and contrast
