NUR 221 EXAM 2
Preterm PROM - (ANSWERS)rupture of membranes before 37 weeks associated with 10% of all
!@#$%%%%%
preterm births in America. Most likely develops from pathologic weakening%%%%%% of the amniotic
membranes caused by inflammation, stress from uterine contractions, or other factors that
cause increased intrauterine pressure. Infection of the urogenital tract is a major risk leading to
preterm PROM can be either a gush of liquid or a small leak
Non Pharmacological pain relief Cutaneous Stimulation strategies - (ANSWERS)Counter
pressure
Effleurage (light massage)
Therapeutic touch and massage
Walking
Rocking
Changing positions
Application of heat or cold
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Accupressure
Water therapy i.e. Baths, showers, whirlpools
Intradermal water block
Non Pharmacological pain relief
Sensory Stimulation strategies - (ANSWERS)Aromatherapy
Breathing techniques
Music
Imagery
Use of focal points
Non Pharmacological pain relief
Cognitive strategies - (ANSWERS)Childbirth education
Hypnosis
Biofeedback
Cardinal movements of the mechanism of labor - (ANSWERS)Engagement and descent
Flexion
Internal rotation to occipitoanterior
Position
Extension
External rotation beginning (restitution)
External rotation
Expulsion
Engagement - (ANSWERS)when the fetus moves their head past the pelvic inlet, the head is said
to be engaged. Occurs before active labor, while abdominal muscles are more relaxed.
, NUR 221 EXAM 2
Asynclitism - (ANSWERS)Oblique presentation of the fetal head at the superior strait of the
!@#$%%%%%
pelvis; the pelvic planes and those of the fetal head are not parallel %%%%%%
Descent - (ANSWERS)refers to the progress of the presenting part through the pelvis. Depends
on 4 forces. 1. Pressure exerted by the amniotic fluid. 2. Direct pressure exerted by the
contracting fundus on the fetus. 3. Force of the contraction of the maternal diaphragm and the
abdominal muscles in the second stage of labor. 4. Extension and straightening of the fetal
body
Stations of descent - (ANSWERS)
Flexion - (ANSWERS)as soon as the head reaches resistance from the cervix, pelvic wall or
pelvic floor. It normally flexes so the chin makes contact with the fetal chest
Internal Rotation - (ANSWERS)The maternal pelvic inlet is widest in the transverse diameter,
therefore the fetal head passes the inlet into the true pelvis in the occipitotransverse position.
For the fetus to exit the head must rotate. Internal rotation begins at the level of the ischial
spines but is not complete until the presenting part reaches the lower pelvis. As the occiput
rotates anteriorly the face rotates posteriorly. With each contraction the pelvic bones and
muscles guide the fetal head. Almost always rotated by the time it reaches pelvic floor
Extension - (ANSWERS)when the fetal head reaches the perineum for birth it is deflected
anteriorly by the perineum. The occiput passes under the lower border of the symphysis of
pubis first and the head emerges by extension. First the occiput then the face and finally the
chin
Restitution and external rotation - (ANSWERS)After head is born it rotates briefly to the position
it occupied when it was engaged in the inlet. This movement is referred to as restitution. The
45-degree turn realigns the infants head with his or her back and shoulders. The head can then
be seen to rotate further. This external rotation occurs as the shoulders engage and descend in
maneuvers similar to those of the head. Anterior shoulder descends first when it reaches the
outlet, it rotates to the midline and is delivered from under the pubic arch. The posterior
shoulder is guided over the perineum until it is free.
Expulsion - (ANSWERS)After birth of the shoulders, the head and shoulders are lifted up toward
the mothers pubic bone, and the trunk of the the baby is born by flexing it laterally in the
direction of the symphysis pubis. When the baby has emerged completely birth is complete
and the second stage of labor ends.
Preeclampsia etiology - (ANSWERS)It occurs in approximately 2% to 7% of healthy nulliparous
pregnant women. The incidence and severity of preeclampsia is substantially higher in women
with multifetal gestation, a history of preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, preexisting diabetes,
and preexisting thrombophilias. Women with limited sperm exposure with the same partner
before conception also have a greater risk for developing preeclampsia. Paternal factors also
Preterm PROM - (ANSWERS)rupture of membranes before 37 weeks associated with 10% of all
!@#$%%%%%
preterm births in America. Most likely develops from pathologic weakening%%%%%% of the amniotic
membranes caused by inflammation, stress from uterine contractions, or other factors that
cause increased intrauterine pressure. Infection of the urogenital tract is a major risk leading to
preterm PROM can be either a gush of liquid or a small leak
Non Pharmacological pain relief Cutaneous Stimulation strategies - (ANSWERS)Counter
pressure
Effleurage (light massage)
Therapeutic touch and massage
Walking
Rocking
Changing positions
Application of heat or cold
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Accupressure
Water therapy i.e. Baths, showers, whirlpools
Intradermal water block
Non Pharmacological pain relief
Sensory Stimulation strategies - (ANSWERS)Aromatherapy
Breathing techniques
Music
Imagery
Use of focal points
Non Pharmacological pain relief
Cognitive strategies - (ANSWERS)Childbirth education
Hypnosis
Biofeedback
Cardinal movements of the mechanism of labor - (ANSWERS)Engagement and descent
Flexion
Internal rotation to occipitoanterior
Position
Extension
External rotation beginning (restitution)
External rotation
Expulsion
Engagement - (ANSWERS)when the fetus moves their head past the pelvic inlet, the head is said
to be engaged. Occurs before active labor, while abdominal muscles are more relaxed.
, NUR 221 EXAM 2
Asynclitism - (ANSWERS)Oblique presentation of the fetal head at the superior strait of the
!@#$%%%%%
pelvis; the pelvic planes and those of the fetal head are not parallel %%%%%%
Descent - (ANSWERS)refers to the progress of the presenting part through the pelvis. Depends
on 4 forces. 1. Pressure exerted by the amniotic fluid. 2. Direct pressure exerted by the
contracting fundus on the fetus. 3. Force of the contraction of the maternal diaphragm and the
abdominal muscles in the second stage of labor. 4. Extension and straightening of the fetal
body
Stations of descent - (ANSWERS)
Flexion - (ANSWERS)as soon as the head reaches resistance from the cervix, pelvic wall or
pelvic floor. It normally flexes so the chin makes contact with the fetal chest
Internal Rotation - (ANSWERS)The maternal pelvic inlet is widest in the transverse diameter,
therefore the fetal head passes the inlet into the true pelvis in the occipitotransverse position.
For the fetus to exit the head must rotate. Internal rotation begins at the level of the ischial
spines but is not complete until the presenting part reaches the lower pelvis. As the occiput
rotates anteriorly the face rotates posteriorly. With each contraction the pelvic bones and
muscles guide the fetal head. Almost always rotated by the time it reaches pelvic floor
Extension - (ANSWERS)when the fetal head reaches the perineum for birth it is deflected
anteriorly by the perineum. The occiput passes under the lower border of the symphysis of
pubis first and the head emerges by extension. First the occiput then the face and finally the
chin
Restitution and external rotation - (ANSWERS)After head is born it rotates briefly to the position
it occupied when it was engaged in the inlet. This movement is referred to as restitution. The
45-degree turn realigns the infants head with his or her back and shoulders. The head can then
be seen to rotate further. This external rotation occurs as the shoulders engage and descend in
maneuvers similar to those of the head. Anterior shoulder descends first when it reaches the
outlet, it rotates to the midline and is delivered from under the pubic arch. The posterior
shoulder is guided over the perineum until it is free.
Expulsion - (ANSWERS)After birth of the shoulders, the head and shoulders are lifted up toward
the mothers pubic bone, and the trunk of the the baby is born by flexing it laterally in the
direction of the symphysis pubis. When the baby has emerged completely birth is complete
and the second stage of labor ends.
Preeclampsia etiology - (ANSWERS)It occurs in approximately 2% to 7% of healthy nulliparous
pregnant women. The incidence and severity of preeclampsia is substantially higher in women
with multifetal gestation, a history of preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, preexisting diabetes,
and preexisting thrombophilias. Women with limited sperm exposure with the same partner
before conception also have a greater risk for developing preeclampsia. Paternal factors also
