BIO285 Exam 1
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Which of these ISN'T true of the nucleus
A. Its membrane is continuous with the ER membrane.
B. Introns are removed from mRNA in the nucleus
C. Phospholipids are produced in the nucleus.
D. The nucleus contains the genome of the cell.
E. Only eukaryotes have a nucleus - =C
Which is true?
I. Eukaryotes don't have cell walls
II. Cell walls are generally fairly rigid
III. Membranes are composed of a mixture of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
IV. Cell walls are largely composed of linked carbohydrates
V. All cells have membranes - =II-V
Bacteria and Archaea - =Prokaryotes, single-celled, lack a nucleus, more diverse genetically and
metabolically, live in more environments, single compartment, cell wall, membrane, some
bacteria are photosynthetic, some archaea can live off methane or other small organic molecules,
some live in colonies or biofilms (large aggregations that stick together)
Eukaroyotes - =single-celled or multi-celled, internal membrane bound organelles, some have
walls (fungi, plant), have a nucleus, more restricted environments, some are photosynthetic
Plasma membrane - =Separate the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell. Made from
proteins, carbohydrates and phospholipids. Controls access to the cell
,Chloroplast - =Produces sugars from light energy and CO2 and produces O2
Mitochondrion - =Converts pyruvate into ATP, CO2, and makes small carbon molecules for the
rest of the cell.
Golgi apparatus - =Process proteins for targeting around the cell. Including the addition of sugar
chains to make glycoproteins.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - =Provides an environment for folding proteins to target to the
outside of the cell. Also involved in lipid production.
Nucleus - =Store DNA, transcribe and process RNA
Ribosomes - =Produce proteins from a mRNA template using amino acids , made from rRNA
and protein
filamentous cytoskeleton - =Made of large polymers of proteins and helps in cell movement, cell
reproduction and cell structure.
Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
- Cell membrane infoldings created the ER and the nucleus
- An aerobic bacterium was engulfed forming the mitochondria
- A photosynthetic cyanobacterium was engulfed forming the chloroplast. - =Evidence
- They have their own circular genomes (incomplete) and the genes are more closely related to
prokaryotes.
- The membrane constituents are like bacterial membranes.
- They divide just like bacteria (fission not mitosis)
,What might be the evolutionary advantage of having a chloroplast?
A. Plants are able to fully metabolize glucose unlike glycolysis alone.
B. Plants can transport proteins to the cell surface.
C. Plants can create sugar from carbon dioxide.
D. The chloroplast converts light into ATP.
E. They are not an advantage, plants are on the way out. - =C
Vibrio cholerae a bacterium should have
I. Plasma membrane
II. Nucleus
III. DNA
IV. Ribosome
V. ER
VI. Mitochondrion - =I, III, IV
SARS-CoV-2, the covid-19 virus should have.
A. Nucleus
B. DNA
C. Ribosome
D. Mitochondrion
E. RNA - =E
What are the four basic biomolecules/macromolecules? - =1. Proteins
2. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
3. Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
, 4. Fats and phospholipids (lipids)
Proteins - =Made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Cell signaling, motility, enzymatic
reactions, part of membranes, and defense. Structure: amino N-terminus, R functional group,
carboxyl C-terminus.
Nucleic acids - =Made from nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. Information storage
and short-term energy transfer. Structure: ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.
Polysaccharides (carbohydrates) - =Made from monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
Medium term energy storage, and part of the cell wall in plants, bacteria and fungi. Structure:
Cx(H20)x
Lipids (fats and phospholipids) - =Made from fatty acids. Major component of membranes,
monomers can be involved in long term energy storage. Structure: largely non-polar sometimes
with polar sections.
Condensation reactions - =Create covalent bonds. Water is expelled.
Hydrolysis reactions - =Break covalent bonds. Water is consumed.
When a peptide bond is formed what other common molecule is formed as a byproduct?
A. O2
B. H2O
C. CO2
D. An amino acid
E. ATP - =B
What kind of bond is made between the mRNA being synthesized and the DNA?
Save Already Passed
Which of these ISN'T true of the nucleus
A. Its membrane is continuous with the ER membrane.
B. Introns are removed from mRNA in the nucleus
C. Phospholipids are produced in the nucleus.
D. The nucleus contains the genome of the cell.
E. Only eukaryotes have a nucleus - =C
Which is true?
I. Eukaryotes don't have cell walls
II. Cell walls are generally fairly rigid
III. Membranes are composed of a mixture of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
IV. Cell walls are largely composed of linked carbohydrates
V. All cells have membranes - =II-V
Bacteria and Archaea - =Prokaryotes, single-celled, lack a nucleus, more diverse genetically and
metabolically, live in more environments, single compartment, cell wall, membrane, some
bacteria are photosynthetic, some archaea can live off methane or other small organic molecules,
some live in colonies or biofilms (large aggregations that stick together)
Eukaroyotes - =single-celled or multi-celled, internal membrane bound organelles, some have
walls (fungi, plant), have a nucleus, more restricted environments, some are photosynthetic
Plasma membrane - =Separate the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell. Made from
proteins, carbohydrates and phospholipids. Controls access to the cell
,Chloroplast - =Produces sugars from light energy and CO2 and produces O2
Mitochondrion - =Converts pyruvate into ATP, CO2, and makes small carbon molecules for the
rest of the cell.
Golgi apparatus - =Process proteins for targeting around the cell. Including the addition of sugar
chains to make glycoproteins.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - =Provides an environment for folding proteins to target to the
outside of the cell. Also involved in lipid production.
Nucleus - =Store DNA, transcribe and process RNA
Ribosomes - =Produce proteins from a mRNA template using amino acids , made from rRNA
and protein
filamentous cytoskeleton - =Made of large polymers of proteins and helps in cell movement, cell
reproduction and cell structure.
Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
- Cell membrane infoldings created the ER and the nucleus
- An aerobic bacterium was engulfed forming the mitochondria
- A photosynthetic cyanobacterium was engulfed forming the chloroplast. - =Evidence
- They have their own circular genomes (incomplete) and the genes are more closely related to
prokaryotes.
- The membrane constituents are like bacterial membranes.
- They divide just like bacteria (fission not mitosis)
,What might be the evolutionary advantage of having a chloroplast?
A. Plants are able to fully metabolize glucose unlike glycolysis alone.
B. Plants can transport proteins to the cell surface.
C. Plants can create sugar from carbon dioxide.
D. The chloroplast converts light into ATP.
E. They are not an advantage, plants are on the way out. - =C
Vibrio cholerae a bacterium should have
I. Plasma membrane
II. Nucleus
III. DNA
IV. Ribosome
V. ER
VI. Mitochondrion - =I, III, IV
SARS-CoV-2, the covid-19 virus should have.
A. Nucleus
B. DNA
C. Ribosome
D. Mitochondrion
E. RNA - =E
What are the four basic biomolecules/macromolecules? - =1. Proteins
2. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
3. Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
, 4. Fats and phospholipids (lipids)
Proteins - =Made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Cell signaling, motility, enzymatic
reactions, part of membranes, and defense. Structure: amino N-terminus, R functional group,
carboxyl C-terminus.
Nucleic acids - =Made from nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. Information storage
and short-term energy transfer. Structure: ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.
Polysaccharides (carbohydrates) - =Made from monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
Medium term energy storage, and part of the cell wall in plants, bacteria and fungi. Structure:
Cx(H20)x
Lipids (fats and phospholipids) - =Made from fatty acids. Major component of membranes,
monomers can be involved in long term energy storage. Structure: largely non-polar sometimes
with polar sections.
Condensation reactions - =Create covalent bonds. Water is expelled.
Hydrolysis reactions - =Break covalent bonds. Water is consumed.
When a peptide bond is formed what other common molecule is formed as a byproduct?
A. O2
B. H2O
C. CO2
D. An amino acid
E. ATP - =B
What kind of bond is made between the mRNA being synthesized and the DNA?
