INTERNATIONAL LAW II
PRACTICAL INFORMATION ........................................................................................................... 5
THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW .............................................................................................. 5
THEORIES & METHODOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ............................................................................... 5
INTERNATIONAL LAW AS A SCIENCE ................................................................................................................. 5
DEFINITION ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1. TRADITIONAL APPORACHES: POSITIVISM ....................................................................................................... 6
2. CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES (CLS) ................................................................................................................... 7
3. NEW APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL LAW (NAIL) ....................................................................................... 8
EX! HOW WILL HE ASK THIS ON THE EXAM .............................................................................................. 9
METHODOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW .................................................................................. 10
SOURCES ...................................................................................................................................... 10
TREATIES .................................................................................................................................................. 10
CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW ................................................................................................................ 11
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW ....................................................................................................................... 12
UNILATERAL ACTS & SOFT LAW ..................................................................................................................... 12
CASE LAW AN LITERATURE ........................................................................................................................... 13
IUS CONTRA BELLUM I: GENERAL ............................................................................................... 14
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 14
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE JUS CONTRA BELLUM .............................................................................. 14
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 14
‘JUST WAR’ THEORY (PHASE 1) ..................................................................................................................... 15
EVOLUTION IN THE 19TH CENTURY (PHASE 2) ................................................................................................. 16
TURN OF THE CENTURY UNTIL WORD WAR II (PHASE 3) ..................................................................................... 17
1928 KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT ...................................................................................................................... 18
EX! WHAT WILL THE QUESTION BE ON THE EXAM ............................................................................................. 18
2. THE PROHIBITION ON THE THREAT OR USE OF FORCE ............................................................................ 18
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................ 18
EX! THE EXAM QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS .......................................................................................................... 21
1. THE RIGHT OF SELF-DEFENCE .......................................................................................................... 22
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................ 22
ARMED ATTACK RATIONE MATERIAE .............................................................................................................. 23
ARMED ATTACK RATIONE TEMPORIS .............................................................................................................. 24
ARMED ATTACK RATIONE PERSONAE .............................................................................................................. 26
NECESSITY AND PROPORTIONALITY ................................................................................................................ 27
4. ENFORCEMENT ACTION BY THE UNSC.............................................................................................. 28
,OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................ 28
DECODING ARTICLE 39 UNC........................................................................................................................ 30
ARMED ATTACK RATIONE MATERIAE (REPETITION) ........................................................................................... 30
CONSEQUENCES OF AN ARTICLE 39-DETERMINATION ....................................................................................... 31
QUASI-LEGISLATIVE BODY? .......................................................................................................................... 33
EX! .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
5. UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS .................................................................................................... 34
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 34
THE TRINITY OF VIRTUES FOR PEACEKEEPING ................................................................................................... 35
THREE TYPES ............................................................................................................................................. 36
LEGAL BASIS .............................................................................................................................................. 37
EX! .......................................................................................................................................................... 39
6. OTHER JUSTIFICATIONS FOR USE OF FORCE ........................................................................................ 39
1. INTERVENTION BY INVITATION OR MILITARY ASSISTANCE ON REQUEST (MAR) .................................................. 40
2. WARS OF NATIONAL LIBERATION ............................................................................................................... 40
3. UNILATERAL HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION ............................................................................................... 41
4. RESPONSIBLILITY TO PROTECT (R2P) ......................................................................................................... 42
EX! ......................................................................................................................................................... 44
JUS CONTRA BELLUM III (CASE STUDY) ....................................................................................... 45
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................... 45
2022 RUSSIAN INVASION OF UKRAINE ................................................................................................. 45
RELEVANT FACTS ....................................................................................................................................... 45
EX! .......................................................................................................................................................... 46
RUSSIA’S POSITION .................................................................................................................................... 46
EX! .......................................................................................................................................................... 49
THE PROTECTION IF NATIONAL ABROAD ......................................................................................................... 50
2 ............................................................................................................................................................ 51
THE RIGHT TO COLLECTIVE SELF-DEFENCE ....................................................................................................... 51
3 ............................................................................................................................................................ 52
INTERVENTION BY INVITATION OR MILITARY ASSISTANCE OF REQUEST (MAR) ...................................................... 52
4 ............................................................................................................................................................ 53
UNILATERAL HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION................................................................................................... 53
A RIGHT TO HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION? .................................................................................................. 54
EX! .......................................................................................................................................................... 54
THE THREAT TO THE USE OF FORCE ................................................................................................................ 55
RUSSIA’S NUCLEAR THREATS ........................................................................................................................ 55
1981-1988 US INTERVENTION IN NICARAGUA ...................................................................................... 56
RELEVANT FACTS ........................................................................................................................................ 56
POSITION OF THE PARTIES ............................................................................................................................ 57
METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 58
HUMANITARIAN SUPPORT ........................................................................................................................... 58
USE OF FORCE ........................................................................................................................................... 58
SELF-DEFENCE ........................................................................................................................................... 59
1
,OVERVIEW OF SUPPORT TO GROUP FIGHTING DE JUE GOVERNMENT ABROAD ....................................................... 61
2011 NATO INTERVENTION IN LIBYA ................................................................................................... 62
RELEVANT FACTS ........................................................................................................................................ 62
ACTION BY THE UNSC ................................................................................................................................ 62
LEGAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................................... 64
EX! .......................................................................................................................................................... 65
JUS IN BELLO I+II – GENERAL ...................................................................................................... 66
OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................... 66
1. INTRODUCTION & HISTORY ........................................................................................................... 66
1859 BATTLE OF SOLFERINO ........................................................................................................................ 66
1863 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS..................................................................................... 67
1863 LIEBER CODE .................................................................................................................................... 67
1864 GENEVA CONVENTION........................................................................................................................ 67
1868 SAINT PETERSBURG DECLARATION ........................................................................................................ 68
1899/ 1909 HAGUE PEACE CONFERENCE ...................................................................................................... 68
TURN OF THE CENTURY UNTIL WORLD WAR II .................................................................................................. 69
1949 GENEVA CONVENTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 69
ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS ............................................................................................................................. 70
OTHER ..................................................................................................................................................... 71
2. CONFLICT CLASSIFICATION ............................................................................................................. 72
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 72
CLASSIFICATION ......................................................................................................................................... 72
CONFLICT CLASIFICATION – RELEVANCE .......................................................................................................... 77
SCOPE OF APPLICATION - CONTINUED ............................................................................................................ 77
3. THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION ...................................................................................................... 78
THE PRINCIPLE OF DISCTINCTION (CONTINUED) ............................................................................................... 83
THE PRINCIPLE OF DISCTINCTION (CONTINUED) ............................................................................................... 85
THE KERCH STRAIT BRIDGE ATTACK ................................................................................................................ 87
4. PERSONS HORS DE COMBAT........................................................................................................... 88
PRISONERS OF WAR .................................................................................................................................... 88
CIVILIANS.................................................................................................................................................. 91
PROTECTION OF PERSONS HORS DE COMBAT IN NIACS ..................................................................................... 92
5. MEANS AND METHODS OF WARFARE ............................................................................................... 93
6. ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS ........................................................................................................ 94
JUS IN BELLO III: GUEST LECTURE ICR + SEE PPT!!! ....................................................................... 96
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................ 96
1. ICR: MISSION AND MANDATE ........................................................................................................ 96
THE RED CROSS AND THE RED CRESCENT MOVEMENT ....................................................................................... 97
THE GARDIAN AND POMOTOR OF IHL ............................................................................................................ 97
RAPPEL DU DROIT....................................................................................................................................... 98
2
, CONFIDENTIAL BILATERAL DIALOGE ............................................................................................................... 98
2. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE ......................................................................................................... 99
IHL FRAMEWORK – HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE ................................................................................ 99
ISUE OF CONSENT....................................................................................................................................... 99
4. CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES OF ARMED CONFLICT .................................................................. 101
A. URBANIZATION OF WARFARE ................................................................................................................. 101
B. NEW TECHNOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 104
GLIMMERS OF HOPE ...................................................................................................................... 106
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW I – GENERAL ........................................................................... 107
OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................. 107
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 107
2. HISTORY ........................................................................................................................ 108
IMT OF NUREMBERG................................................................................................................................. 108
IMT FOR THE FAST EAST (TOKYO) ................................................................................................................ 109
AS DEVELOPED BY THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION .............................................................................. 110
POST-WORLD WAR II ................................................................................................................................ 111
COLD WAR .............................................................................................................................................. 112
THE INTERNATIONAL CRMINAL TRIBUNALS (2)............................................................................................... 112
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) ....................................................................................................... 115
3. INTERNATIONAL CRIMES .................................................................................................... 117
ACTUS REUS & MENS REA .......................................................................................................................... 117
1) GENOCIDE .......................................................................................................................................... 118
2) CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY .................................................................................................................. 122
3) WAR CRIME ........................................................................................................................................ 124
4) AGGRESSION ....................................................................................................................................... 127
COMPARISON .......................................................................................................................................... 129
EXAMPLE QUESTIONS................................................................................................................................ 129
4. JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY ........................................................................................ 130
PRECONDITIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 130
RATIONE TEMPORIS .................................................................................................................................. 134
RATIONE PERSONAE.................................................................................................................................. 135
IMMUNITIES............................................................................................................................................ 136
IMMUNITIES – CONTINUED ........................................................................................................................ 137
TRIGGER MECHANISMS ............................................................................................................................. 138
ADMISIBILITY ........................................................................................................................................... 139
5. MODES OF LIABILITY ......................................................................................................... 143
PERPETRATION.................................................................................................................................... 143
ORDERING ........................................................................................................................................... 144
AIDING AND ABETTING (MEDEPLICHTIGHEID).......................................................................................... 145
COMMAND AND REPSONSIBILITY ....................................................................................................... 145
SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY.................................................................................................................. 146
COMMAND/ SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY ............................................................................................ 146
6. GROUNDS FOR EXCLUDING RESPONSIBILITY DON’T NEED TO KNOW!.......................................... 147
3
PRACTICAL INFORMATION ........................................................................................................... 5
THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW .............................................................................................. 5
THEORIES & METHODOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ............................................................................... 5
INTERNATIONAL LAW AS A SCIENCE ................................................................................................................. 5
DEFINITION ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1. TRADITIONAL APPORACHES: POSITIVISM ....................................................................................................... 6
2. CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES (CLS) ................................................................................................................... 7
3. NEW APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL LAW (NAIL) ....................................................................................... 8
EX! HOW WILL HE ASK THIS ON THE EXAM .............................................................................................. 9
METHODOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW .................................................................................. 10
SOURCES ...................................................................................................................................... 10
TREATIES .................................................................................................................................................. 10
CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW ................................................................................................................ 11
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW ....................................................................................................................... 12
UNILATERAL ACTS & SOFT LAW ..................................................................................................................... 12
CASE LAW AN LITERATURE ........................................................................................................................... 13
IUS CONTRA BELLUM I: GENERAL ............................................................................................... 14
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 14
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE JUS CONTRA BELLUM .............................................................................. 14
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 14
‘JUST WAR’ THEORY (PHASE 1) ..................................................................................................................... 15
EVOLUTION IN THE 19TH CENTURY (PHASE 2) ................................................................................................. 16
TURN OF THE CENTURY UNTIL WORD WAR II (PHASE 3) ..................................................................................... 17
1928 KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT ...................................................................................................................... 18
EX! WHAT WILL THE QUESTION BE ON THE EXAM ............................................................................................. 18
2. THE PROHIBITION ON THE THREAT OR USE OF FORCE ............................................................................ 18
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................ 18
EX! THE EXAM QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS .......................................................................................................... 21
1. THE RIGHT OF SELF-DEFENCE .......................................................................................................... 22
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................ 22
ARMED ATTACK RATIONE MATERIAE .............................................................................................................. 23
ARMED ATTACK RATIONE TEMPORIS .............................................................................................................. 24
ARMED ATTACK RATIONE PERSONAE .............................................................................................................. 26
NECESSITY AND PROPORTIONALITY ................................................................................................................ 27
4. ENFORCEMENT ACTION BY THE UNSC.............................................................................................. 28
,OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................ 28
DECODING ARTICLE 39 UNC........................................................................................................................ 30
ARMED ATTACK RATIONE MATERIAE (REPETITION) ........................................................................................... 30
CONSEQUENCES OF AN ARTICLE 39-DETERMINATION ....................................................................................... 31
QUASI-LEGISLATIVE BODY? .......................................................................................................................... 33
EX! .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
5. UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS .................................................................................................... 34
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 34
THE TRINITY OF VIRTUES FOR PEACEKEEPING ................................................................................................... 35
THREE TYPES ............................................................................................................................................. 36
LEGAL BASIS .............................................................................................................................................. 37
EX! .......................................................................................................................................................... 39
6. OTHER JUSTIFICATIONS FOR USE OF FORCE ........................................................................................ 39
1. INTERVENTION BY INVITATION OR MILITARY ASSISTANCE ON REQUEST (MAR) .................................................. 40
2. WARS OF NATIONAL LIBERATION ............................................................................................................... 40
3. UNILATERAL HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION ............................................................................................... 41
4. RESPONSIBLILITY TO PROTECT (R2P) ......................................................................................................... 42
EX! ......................................................................................................................................................... 44
JUS CONTRA BELLUM III (CASE STUDY) ....................................................................................... 45
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................... 45
2022 RUSSIAN INVASION OF UKRAINE ................................................................................................. 45
RELEVANT FACTS ....................................................................................................................................... 45
EX! .......................................................................................................................................................... 46
RUSSIA’S POSITION .................................................................................................................................... 46
EX! .......................................................................................................................................................... 49
THE PROTECTION IF NATIONAL ABROAD ......................................................................................................... 50
2 ............................................................................................................................................................ 51
THE RIGHT TO COLLECTIVE SELF-DEFENCE ....................................................................................................... 51
3 ............................................................................................................................................................ 52
INTERVENTION BY INVITATION OR MILITARY ASSISTANCE OF REQUEST (MAR) ...................................................... 52
4 ............................................................................................................................................................ 53
UNILATERAL HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION................................................................................................... 53
A RIGHT TO HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION? .................................................................................................. 54
EX! .......................................................................................................................................................... 54
THE THREAT TO THE USE OF FORCE ................................................................................................................ 55
RUSSIA’S NUCLEAR THREATS ........................................................................................................................ 55
1981-1988 US INTERVENTION IN NICARAGUA ...................................................................................... 56
RELEVANT FACTS ........................................................................................................................................ 56
POSITION OF THE PARTIES ............................................................................................................................ 57
METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 58
HUMANITARIAN SUPPORT ........................................................................................................................... 58
USE OF FORCE ........................................................................................................................................... 58
SELF-DEFENCE ........................................................................................................................................... 59
1
,OVERVIEW OF SUPPORT TO GROUP FIGHTING DE JUE GOVERNMENT ABROAD ....................................................... 61
2011 NATO INTERVENTION IN LIBYA ................................................................................................... 62
RELEVANT FACTS ........................................................................................................................................ 62
ACTION BY THE UNSC ................................................................................................................................ 62
LEGAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................................... 64
EX! .......................................................................................................................................................... 65
JUS IN BELLO I+II – GENERAL ...................................................................................................... 66
OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................... 66
1. INTRODUCTION & HISTORY ........................................................................................................... 66
1859 BATTLE OF SOLFERINO ........................................................................................................................ 66
1863 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS..................................................................................... 67
1863 LIEBER CODE .................................................................................................................................... 67
1864 GENEVA CONVENTION........................................................................................................................ 67
1868 SAINT PETERSBURG DECLARATION ........................................................................................................ 68
1899/ 1909 HAGUE PEACE CONFERENCE ...................................................................................................... 68
TURN OF THE CENTURY UNTIL WORLD WAR II .................................................................................................. 69
1949 GENEVA CONVENTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 69
ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS ............................................................................................................................. 70
OTHER ..................................................................................................................................................... 71
2. CONFLICT CLASSIFICATION ............................................................................................................. 72
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 72
CLASSIFICATION ......................................................................................................................................... 72
CONFLICT CLASIFICATION – RELEVANCE .......................................................................................................... 77
SCOPE OF APPLICATION - CONTINUED ............................................................................................................ 77
3. THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION ...................................................................................................... 78
THE PRINCIPLE OF DISCTINCTION (CONTINUED) ............................................................................................... 83
THE PRINCIPLE OF DISCTINCTION (CONTINUED) ............................................................................................... 85
THE KERCH STRAIT BRIDGE ATTACK ................................................................................................................ 87
4. PERSONS HORS DE COMBAT........................................................................................................... 88
PRISONERS OF WAR .................................................................................................................................... 88
CIVILIANS.................................................................................................................................................. 91
PROTECTION OF PERSONS HORS DE COMBAT IN NIACS ..................................................................................... 92
5. MEANS AND METHODS OF WARFARE ............................................................................................... 93
6. ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS ........................................................................................................ 94
JUS IN BELLO III: GUEST LECTURE ICR + SEE PPT!!! ....................................................................... 96
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................ 96
1. ICR: MISSION AND MANDATE ........................................................................................................ 96
THE RED CROSS AND THE RED CRESCENT MOVEMENT ....................................................................................... 97
THE GARDIAN AND POMOTOR OF IHL ............................................................................................................ 97
RAPPEL DU DROIT....................................................................................................................................... 98
2
, CONFIDENTIAL BILATERAL DIALOGE ............................................................................................................... 98
2. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE ......................................................................................................... 99
IHL FRAMEWORK – HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE ................................................................................ 99
ISUE OF CONSENT....................................................................................................................................... 99
4. CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES OF ARMED CONFLICT .................................................................. 101
A. URBANIZATION OF WARFARE ................................................................................................................. 101
B. NEW TECHNOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 104
GLIMMERS OF HOPE ...................................................................................................................... 106
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW I – GENERAL ........................................................................... 107
OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................. 107
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 107
2. HISTORY ........................................................................................................................ 108
IMT OF NUREMBERG................................................................................................................................. 108
IMT FOR THE FAST EAST (TOKYO) ................................................................................................................ 109
AS DEVELOPED BY THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION .............................................................................. 110
POST-WORLD WAR II ................................................................................................................................ 111
COLD WAR .............................................................................................................................................. 112
THE INTERNATIONAL CRMINAL TRIBUNALS (2)............................................................................................... 112
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) ....................................................................................................... 115
3. INTERNATIONAL CRIMES .................................................................................................... 117
ACTUS REUS & MENS REA .......................................................................................................................... 117
1) GENOCIDE .......................................................................................................................................... 118
2) CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY .................................................................................................................. 122
3) WAR CRIME ........................................................................................................................................ 124
4) AGGRESSION ....................................................................................................................................... 127
COMPARISON .......................................................................................................................................... 129
EXAMPLE QUESTIONS................................................................................................................................ 129
4. JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY ........................................................................................ 130
PRECONDITIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 130
RATIONE TEMPORIS .................................................................................................................................. 134
RATIONE PERSONAE.................................................................................................................................. 135
IMMUNITIES............................................................................................................................................ 136
IMMUNITIES – CONTINUED ........................................................................................................................ 137
TRIGGER MECHANISMS ............................................................................................................................. 138
ADMISIBILITY ........................................................................................................................................... 139
5. MODES OF LIABILITY ......................................................................................................... 143
PERPETRATION.................................................................................................................................... 143
ORDERING ........................................................................................................................................... 144
AIDING AND ABETTING (MEDEPLICHTIGHEID).......................................................................................... 145
COMMAND AND REPSONSIBILITY ....................................................................................................... 145
SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY.................................................................................................................. 146
COMMAND/ SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY ............................................................................................ 146
6. GROUNDS FOR EXCLUDING RESPONSIBILITY DON’T NEED TO KNOW!.......................................... 147
3
