Chapter 1: Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy-
- Describes the structures of the body
o What they're made of
o Where they're located
o Associated structures
Physiology-
- Is the study of
o Functions of anatomical structures
o Individual and cooperative functions
Human anatomy-
- Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large visible structures
o Surface anatomy: exterior features
o Regional anatomy: body areas
o Sectional anatomy: cross sections
o Systemic anatomy: organ systems
o Clinical anatomy: medical specialties
o Developmental anatomy: from conceptions to adulthood, including
embryology
- Microscopic anatomy: examination of cells and molecules
o Cytology: study of cells
o Histology: study of tissues
Human physiology-
- Cell physiology: function of cells
- Organ physiology: functions of specific organs
- Systemic physiology: functions of organ systems
- Pathological physiology: effects of diseases on organs or systems
A patient may present with
- Signs (such as a fever)
, - Symptoms (such as tiredness)
Physicians use the scientific method to reach a diagnosis by evaluating
observations
- Form a hypothesis
- Test the hypothesis by collecting and analyzing data
Levels of Organization-
- Chemical level
o Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter
o Molecules consist of groups of atoms
- Cellular level
o Cells are the smallest living units in the body
- Tissue level
o A tissue is a group of cells working together
- Organ level
o Organs are made of two or more tissues working together
Organ system level
- An organ system is a group of interacting organs
- Humans have 11 organ systems
Organism level
- An individual life form is an organism
Level of organization Properties- unity
- Atoms 1. Organization (structure)
- Molecules 2. Homeostasis (regulation)
- Macromolecules 3. Energy processing (metabolism
- Organelles 4. Response to changes in the environment (Signaling)
- Cells 5. Reproduction
- Tissues 6. Growth and Development
- Organs 7. Evolution
- Organ system
- Organism
- Population
, - Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
Organization of the Animal Body
1. Multicellularity led to important adaptation advances in
animals.
2. The animal body is typically organized into tissues, organs,
and organ systems.
3. Types of Animal Tissues
4. Coordination of Tissues in Organs and Organ Systems
5. Homeostasis - the stable state of the internal environment
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
Bulk elements-
- H, Na, K, Ca, C, N, O, P, S, Cl
Trace elements-
- Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, I, Mo
Bio macromolecules
- There are four classes of life’s biological macromolecules
Macromolecule Monomers
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Lipids Fatty acids
Proteins Amino acids
Nucleic acids Nucleotides
Polymers made of repeating monomers
Cellular foundations-
- Level 1: Monomeric units
- Level 2: Macromolecules
, - Level 3: Supramolecular complexes
- Level 4: The cell and its organelles
Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
Cell theory
- Cells are the building blocks of all organisms
- All cells come from the division of preexisting cells
- Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
- Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
Intro to Cells
- Cytology: a branch of cell biology
o The study of cells
- Sex cells (germ cells or reproductive cells)
o Male sperm
o Female oocytes (cells that develop into ova)
- Somatic cells
o All body cells except sex cells
Cellular Differentiation
- All cells contain the same chromosomes and genes
- Cells undergo cellular differentiation by turning off genes not needed by that cell
o Allows for formation of different types of cells like liver cells, fat cells, and
neurons
Chapter 4: The tissue level of organization
- Group of cells with the same structure and function
- Working together as a unit to carry out one or more specialized activities
- Properties of the individual cells that make up the tissue
- Structure and organization of the cytoskeleton
- Extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the cell
- The junctions holding cells together
Epithelial Tissue
- Protection
- Secretion
- Absorption
Anatomy-
- Describes the structures of the body
o What they're made of
o Where they're located
o Associated structures
Physiology-
- Is the study of
o Functions of anatomical structures
o Individual and cooperative functions
Human anatomy-
- Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large visible structures
o Surface anatomy: exterior features
o Regional anatomy: body areas
o Sectional anatomy: cross sections
o Systemic anatomy: organ systems
o Clinical anatomy: medical specialties
o Developmental anatomy: from conceptions to adulthood, including
embryology
- Microscopic anatomy: examination of cells and molecules
o Cytology: study of cells
o Histology: study of tissues
Human physiology-
- Cell physiology: function of cells
- Organ physiology: functions of specific organs
- Systemic physiology: functions of organ systems
- Pathological physiology: effects of diseases on organs or systems
A patient may present with
- Signs (such as a fever)
, - Symptoms (such as tiredness)
Physicians use the scientific method to reach a diagnosis by evaluating
observations
- Form a hypothesis
- Test the hypothesis by collecting and analyzing data
Levels of Organization-
- Chemical level
o Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter
o Molecules consist of groups of atoms
- Cellular level
o Cells are the smallest living units in the body
- Tissue level
o A tissue is a group of cells working together
- Organ level
o Organs are made of two or more tissues working together
Organ system level
- An organ system is a group of interacting organs
- Humans have 11 organ systems
Organism level
- An individual life form is an organism
Level of organization Properties- unity
- Atoms 1. Organization (structure)
- Molecules 2. Homeostasis (regulation)
- Macromolecules 3. Energy processing (metabolism
- Organelles 4. Response to changes in the environment (Signaling)
- Cells 5. Reproduction
- Tissues 6. Growth and Development
- Organs 7. Evolution
- Organ system
- Organism
- Population
, - Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
Organization of the Animal Body
1. Multicellularity led to important adaptation advances in
animals.
2. The animal body is typically organized into tissues, organs,
and organ systems.
3. Types of Animal Tissues
4. Coordination of Tissues in Organs and Organ Systems
5. Homeostasis - the stable state of the internal environment
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
Bulk elements-
- H, Na, K, Ca, C, N, O, P, S, Cl
Trace elements-
- Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, I, Mo
Bio macromolecules
- There are four classes of life’s biological macromolecules
Macromolecule Monomers
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Lipids Fatty acids
Proteins Amino acids
Nucleic acids Nucleotides
Polymers made of repeating monomers
Cellular foundations-
- Level 1: Monomeric units
- Level 2: Macromolecules
, - Level 3: Supramolecular complexes
- Level 4: The cell and its organelles
Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
Cell theory
- Cells are the building blocks of all organisms
- All cells come from the division of preexisting cells
- Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
- Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
Intro to Cells
- Cytology: a branch of cell biology
o The study of cells
- Sex cells (germ cells or reproductive cells)
o Male sperm
o Female oocytes (cells that develop into ova)
- Somatic cells
o All body cells except sex cells
Cellular Differentiation
- All cells contain the same chromosomes and genes
- Cells undergo cellular differentiation by turning off genes not needed by that cell
o Allows for formation of different types of cells like liver cells, fat cells, and
neurons
Chapter 4: The tissue level of organization
- Group of cells with the same structure and function
- Working together as a unit to carry out one or more specialized activities
- Properties of the individual cells that make up the tissue
- Structure and organization of the cytoskeleton
- Extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the cell
- The junctions holding cells together
Epithelial Tissue
- Protection
- Secretion
- Absorption
